Pharmacy and Pharmacology Unit Catalogue

BIOL0088: Bioinformatics
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW 100
Requisites: Pre BIOL0046
Aims & learning objectives:
Aims: To understand the concept of Bioinformatics; to become familiar with the tools of Bioinformatics; to recognise the ways in which Bioinformatics can be used to develop new drugs. After taking this course the student should be able to:
* understand the basis of sequence alignment and structure prediction methods
* know how the tools of Bioinformatics are used in the identification of new protein functions
* be familiar with some "hands-on" sequence analysis
Content:
Despite the title, the option in Bioinformatics is not about computing. The series of topics will cover the present methods being used to understand the mass of sequence data from the human and other genome projects. It will cover pattern recognition in DNA sequences and how to derive function from sequence, methods of sequence alignment of protein sequences, prediction of structure from sequence, structural comparison and a discussion of how structure and biological function are related. Particular attention will be paid to the topic of therapeutic target discovery

PHAR0001: Medicinal & biological chemistry 1
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: OT100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
1. To familiarise the student with: a) the fundamental principles of atomic structure molecular and intermolecular bonding and functional group recognition. b) the principles of reaction mechanisms in organic and biochemical systems and 2. To illustrate the importance of the 3-dimensional structure in medicinal and biological chemistry. After taking this course the student should be able to a) Demonstrate an understanding of the factors which affect the 3-dimensional shape of molecules b) Identify common functional groups and write suitable reaction mechanisms for their interconversion. c) Recognise structural features responsible for acidity basicity hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic bonding. d) Assign appropriate stereochemical descriptions to organic and biological molecules
Content:
The topics included in this course include atomic structure and hybridisation with its implications for molecular geometry. Intramolecular covalent bonding. Intermolecular weak bonding; origins and relevance to ligand/receptor and substrate/enzyme binding. Structural factors that affect reactivity. Survey of functional groups and their interconversion at a mechanistic level. Stereochemistry in organic and biological molecules. Central role of the carbonyl group in chemistry and biochemistry.

PHAR0002: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 1 (Human physiology)
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: OT100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
An outline of human physiology
Content:
Physiology of the major systems of the body and control, i.e. physiology of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal and renal systems to understand how the major systems of the body are integrated and controlled. Students must have A-level Chemistry and another Science A-level, preferably Biology in order to undertake this unit.

PHAR0003: Cell biology 1 (Cells & their organisation)
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: OT100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce the student to the organisation of procaryotic and eucaryotic cells, and to introduce the basic theory and practice of microbiology. After taking this course, the student should be able to (a) demonstrate an understanding of cell structure and function to a level sufficient to enter further cell biology, microbiology and pharmacology units, and (b) carry out basic techniques in microbiology competently and safely.
Content:
An outline of cellular organisation, structure and function of major organelles and membranes in procaryotic and eucaryotic cells. Subcellular fractionation. Molecular components of cells: sugars, polysaccharides, glycogen, fatty acids, lipids, phospholipids, aminoacids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids. Introduction to microbiology: basic nomenclature, Gram-positive and -negative envelopes, peptidoglycan, endospores, microbial nutrition. Introduction to bacterial viruses.

PHAR0004: Instrumental analysis 1
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce the student to instrumental analytical methods used in a pharmaceutical context and their bases in theory. To give the student practical experience of using a variety of analytical instruments in exploring selected pharmaceutical applications. After taking this unit, the student should be able to: (a) demonstrate an understanding of the theoretical backgrounds to thin layer, gas and high performance liquid chromatography and infrared, ultraviolet and visible, fluorescence, flame emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy, and of their scope and limitations, (b) demonstrate a familiarity with the forms in which data from the above techniques are presented, the relevant units, constants and parameters, (c) perform necessary calculations and data manipulations for the interpretation of results.
Content:
Thin layer, gas and high performance liquid chromatography. General principles of spectroscopy, vibrational and electronic types of spectroscopy. Material from this unit will be further tested in the assessment for the related semester 2 unit, Instrumental analysis 2 (PHAR0012).

PHAR0005: Physico-chemical properties of drugs 1
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: PR50 CW50
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
In conjunction with Physico-chemical properties of drugs 2, to introduce students to the physico-chemical characteristics of drugs and allied entities. To explain how these are relevant to their in vivo actions, their analytical quantification in medicines and biological fluids and in the design of medicinal products. To provide a practical training in measurement of physico-chemical characteristics. After taking the unit, the student should be able to: a) correctly derive formulation masses and concentrations, b) demonstrate an understanding of the differences and similarities in real and ideal behaviour of drugs and, when the two can be approximated, c) demonstrate a sound appreciation of the solution properties of drugs and the impact of pH and other vehicle variants on their values, and d) demonstrate an understanding of the processes of passive drug transport and the role of solution thermodynamics in pharmaceutical science.
Content:
Ideal and real behaviour of drugs in the gaseous, liquid and solid state. Gas-liquid equilibria. Drug polarity and functional group effects. Crystal structure and polymorphism. Solvents and solute-solvent interactions. Concepts of activity, pH and its determination, pKw. Acid-base equilibria, pH/drug dissociation profiles, buffers.

PHAR0006: Study skills & computer use
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: CW50 ES50
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To develop effective study methods and an awareness of the available library and computer facilities for use throughout the degree programme. After taking this unit, the student should be able to take effective notes, be able to use the library and appropriate computing facilities in the University to research and write essays in scientific style, and be able to understand basic statistical distributions and summarise data.
Content:
Effective study and note taking. Introduction to University computer facilities. The PC environment. Use of electronic communications, the library and bibliographic searches. Basic wordprocessing and spreadsheet use. Statistical distributions, calculation of mean, median, variance, regression. Use of statistical software. Directed essay writing.

PHAR0007: Introduction to analysis & measurement
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: PR100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce the student to the role of analysis in the pharmaceutical sciences and to important general concepts in analysis. To make the student aware of safe laboratory conduct and familiar with basic manipulative skills using volumetric analysis as the major vehicle. To familiarise the student with the various types of titrimetric methods and their application to the analysis of pharmaceuticals. After taking this course the student should be able to: (a) work safely in a chemistry laboratory, (b) weigh out chemicals and prepare solutions of appropriate concentrations and interconvert between different units of concentration, (c) perform a volumetric analysis accurately (d) write a simple report of a titrimetric analysis, and (e) demonstrate an understanding of the application of titrimetric methods to pharmaceutical analysis.
Content:
Analytical techniques in Pharmacy. The concept of quantitative analysis based upon a procedure having a response which is linear with respect to concentration. Accuracy, precision, sensitivity and sources of error. Weighing, use of volumetric glassware, burettes, pipettes and Gilson pipettes in the preparation of solutions and dilutions. Chemical bases of volumetric analyses. Use of titrimetric methods for the analysis of pharmaceutical materials.

PHAR0008: Medicinal & biological chemistry 2
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The unit aims to introduce the student to: a) the fundamental structure and biological function of amino acids and peptides and relate enzyme catalysed processes to organic reaction mechanisms seen in semester 1; b) the structure and reactions of naturally occurring carbohydrates and polysaccarides; c) the structure and reactivity of lipids and nucleic acid components; d) the concepts of aromaticity in organic molecules and relate this to their chemical behaviour and biological properties. After taking this unit, the student should be able to: a) outline the role of amino acids as precursors of the biogenic amines; b) demonstrate an understanding of how and why biological macromolecules adopt and maintain their in vivo structures; c) discuss an enzyme's action on its substrate in terms of electrophilic and nucleophilic reaction mechanisms; d) identify important aromatic reactions and show how aromatic nuclei contribute towards drug action.
Content:
Topics include the structure classification biosynthetic origins and biochemical roles of amino acids. The nature of the peptide bond and the nature of the forces which maintain primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. The structure of the monosaccarides. The role of the glycosidic bond in polysaccaride formation and the biological role of these molecules. Aromatic compounds, the nature of aromaticity and the occurrence and role of aromatic nuclei in drug molecules.

PHAR0009: Medicinal & biological chemistry 3 (Spectra & structures)
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: EX50 CW50
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To develop the student's understanding of the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds. To introduce the student to the use of spectroscopic data in organic chemical structure elucidation. After completing this unit the student should be able to use proton NMR, MS and IR spectra to determine the chemical structure of simple organic compounds.
Content:
Introduction to NMR and MS and their co-ordinated use with IR in the elucidation of organic chemical structures. The contribution of heterocycles to drug action.

PHAR0010: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 2 (General pharmacology)
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce the student to general aspects of pharmacology and receptor theory.
Content:
Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; receptor theory; blood and respiration pharmacology.

PHAR0011: Cell biology 2 (Introduction to biochemistry)
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: EX80 PR20
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To familiarise the student with the biochemistry of protein function, energy metabolism, DNA replication, transcription and translation, and to introduce basic concepts of recombinant DNA technology. To introduce practical techniques related to protein determination and enzyme activity. After taking this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of fundamental biochemical processes sufficient to enter further units in cell biology, microbiology and pharmacology.
Content:
Protein function, reactive groups, enzymes, allostery, protein fractionation and analysis. Energy metabolism, carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation. DNA replication, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis. Introduction to recombinant DNA techniques.

PHAR0012: Instrumental analysis 2
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: EX50 PR50
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To give the student practical experience of using a variety of analytical instruments in exploring selected pharmaceutical applications. To develop the student's ability to draw appropriate conclusions from experimental data. After taking this unit, the student should be able to: (a) follow written and verbal instructions in using simple analytical instruments; (b) demonstrate a familiarity with the forms in which data are presented, the relevant units, constants and parameters; (c) perform necessary calculations and data manipulations for the interpretation of results; (d) draw appropriate conclusions on the basis of experimental data.
Content:
Thin layer, gas and high performance liquid chromatography, vibrational and electronic types of spectroscopy.

PHAR0013: Physico-chemical properties of drugs 2
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
In conjunction with Physico-chemical properties of drugs 1, to introduce students to the physico-chemical characteristics of drugs and allied entities. To explain how these are relevant to their in vivo actions, their analytical quantification in medicines and biological fluids and in the design of medicinal products. To provide a practical training in measurement of physico-chemical characteristics. After taking the unit, the student should be able to: a) correctly derive formulation masses and concentrations; b) demonstrate an understanding of the differences and similarities in real and ideal behaviour of drugs and when the two can be approximated; c) demonstrate a sound appreciation of the solution properties of drugs and the impact of pH and other vehicle variants on their values; and d) demonstrate an understanding of the processes of passive drug transport and the role of solution thermodynamics in pharmaceutical science.
Content:
Buffer calculations. Drug solubility in aqueous solution, influence of pH, ionic strength and ion pairing. Partitioning, effects of molecular structure and pH. Diffusion and permeation. Introduction to solution thermodynamics. The 1 hour examination for this unit includes material covered in Physico-chemical properties of drugs 1 (PHAR0005).

PHAR0014: The role of the pharmacist
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: EX50 ES50
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The aim of the unit is to provide an overview of the role of the pharmacist as a member of the health care team. At the completion of the unit the student should be able to demonstrate a knowledge the diverse roles of the pharmacist and the ways in which the professional pharmacist interacts with other health professionals and with patients.
Content:
The history of pharmacy and the historical development of the role of the pharmacist. The roles of the present day pharmacist. The interaction between the pharmacist and other health professionals. Communication with patients; patients' expectations of pharmaceutical services.

PHAR0015: Medicinal & biological chemistry 4 (Medicinal chemistry & spectroscopy for structure elucidation)
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: CW50 OT50
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To develop the student's understanding of biological chemistry at a molecular level particularly with respect to structure-activity relationships and the scale-up of drug production from natural sources. Certain uses of radioactivity. The use of advance spectroscopic techniques in chemical structure elucidation. After completing this unit, the student should be able to: a) demonstrate an outline understanding (at the level of chemical structures and mechanism) of major pathways of xenobiotic metabolism; b) examine proton and carbon 13 NMR, MS and IR spectroscopic data in order to elucidate chemical structures; c) carry out simple radiochemical calculations.
Content:
Molecular aspects of pathways of xenobiotic metabolism. Advanced and multinuclear NMR techniques. Problem solving workshops using an integrated approach to spectroscopic structure elucidation. Radiochemical calculations.

PHAR0016: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 3 (Cardiovascular & autonomic pharmacology)
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: OT100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To develop an understanding of the action of drugs on the autonomic and cardiovascular systems.
Content:
Understanding the action of drugs in the autonomic nervous system, kidney and cardiovascular systems. Physiology, pathology and pharmacology of these systems.

PHAR0017: Cell biology 3 (Receptors, signal transduction pathways & gene regulation)
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To familiarise the student with the major families of receptors associated with eucaryotic cells. To introduce the components of intracellular signalling pathways from the recrptor to the cell nucleus, and to illustrate the role of these systems in regulating normal gene expression and the development of cancer. After taking this unit, the student will demonstrate an understanding of the chosen topics.
Content:
Membranes and the cytoskeleton. Receptor families, second messenger systems, Ser and Tyr protein kinases and their phosphorylation targets. Impact of signalling pathways on nuclear events, including regulation of gene expression through transcription factors. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and the control of cell growth.

PHAR0018: Medicines design 1 (Preformulation & introduction to formulation)
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The unit aims to introduce the principles involved in the formulation of medicinal products, and present the physical and chemical basis for formulation choices. By the end of the unit, students should be able to make initial rational choices about formulation decisions.
Content:
Routes and mechanisms of drug absorption, influence of drug physico-chemical processes. Introduction to dosage forms and routes of administration. Surface phenomena. Particle sizing and micromeritics. Bulk properties of particles. Thermal analysis of materials and use of these techniques in preformulation. The chemistry of polymers, their physical properties and their uses in formulation. Rheology of pharmaceutical materials: liquids, solids and semi-solids; their characterisation and properties. The stability of prepared pharmaceuticals.

PHAR0019: Statistics for pharmacists & pharmacologists
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To equip students with statistical techniques appropriate to the analysis of biomedical data.
Content:
Introduction to probability. Use of statistical software. Comparing two groups. Data transformations. Student's t- and non-parametric methods. Analysis of variance, multiple comparisons. Correlation, contingency tables.

PHAR0020: Medical microbiology
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To understand the pathogenic mechanisms of infectious disease and the human host response to infection.
Content:
This unit introduces the concept of how micro-organisms cause infectious disease. It outlines the general defence mechanisms of the human body against infection and the ways in which micro-organisms defeat these systems. A number of paradigms of infectious diseases will be used to illustrate the critical stages of pathogenesis, namely adhesion, replication, evasion of host defences and damage to the host.

PHAR0021: Applied pharmaceutical analysis 1 (Simple applications & written reports)
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: PR80 CW20
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To develop the student's understanding of sample preparation for analytical procedures and of advanced chromatographic techniques. The selection and use of analytical techniques for solving analytical problems and the presentation of results as a formal written report. After completing this unit, the student should be able to apply appropriate chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to simple pharmaceutical problems, report the results in a scientific manner and draw valid conclusions.
Content:
Sample preparation for analysis; advanced chromatographic methods. Problem solving workshops in chromatography. Radiochemical calculations. Open-ended problem solving practical mini-project utilising chromatographic, spectroscopic, volumetric or potentiometric methods.

PHAR0022: Medicinal & biological chemistry 5 (Biosynthetic sources of pharmaceutical materials)
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: EX90 CW10
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To develop the student's understanding of biosynthetic sources of pharmaceutical materials. To introduce students to practical medicinal and natural products chemistry. After completion of this unit the student should be able to: a) demonstrate an awareness of natural sources of pharmaceutical materials; b) demonstrate an outline understanding (at the level of chemical structures and mechanism) of major pathways of biosynthesis; c) utilise analytical data to monitor a chemical preparation or natural product extraction.
Content:
Plant and animal sources of pharmaceutical materials. Molecular aspects of biosynthetic pathways. Practical classes in medicinal and natural products chemistry.

PHAR0023: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 4 (Pharmacology of the central nervous system)
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
An understanding of drugs affecting the brain and spinal cord.
Content:
Physiology, pathology and pharmacology of the brain and spinal cord.

PHAR0024: Medicines design 2 (Applied pharmaceutical microbiology)
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce the principles of control of microbial contamination and sterilisation as applied to pharmaceutical products. After taking this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of, a) the microbiological and physico-chemical properties of non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents and their use in pharmaceutical formulation and, b) the principles and the technology of the various methods of sterilising pharmaceutical products and the associated procedures concerned with quality assurance.
Content:
Sources of microbial contamination. Kinetics of microbial inactivation and the construction and interpretation of survivor curves. Disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives; their modes of action, assessment of efficacy and formulation parameters. Introduction to sterilisation methods; comparative advantages and disadvantages of heat, irradiation, gaseous and filtration methods. Validation of all methods. Pyrogens. Sterility testing. Facility Design.

PHAR0025: Pharmacy practice 1
Semester 2
Credits: 12
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: EX50 PR50
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
Aims. To introduce the student to the following: Pharmaceutical legislation, Codes of Professional Practice and statutory controls relating to the availability of medicinal products. Practical procedures and techniques employed in the Practice of Pharmacy. The principles of behavioural sciences relevant to the Practice of Pharmacy and to develop communications skills appropriate to professional interactions, patient counselling and responding to symptoms. To integrate the student's knowledge of pharmaceutical sciences with the legal and professional responsibilities of the pharmacist. Objectives. After completing the unit, the student should be able to: Identify the legal classes of medicines. Identify whether or not a prescription is legally valid. Make documentary records legally required in the supply of medicines. Demonstrate an awareness of persons who are entitled to possess and supply Controlled Drugs. Interpret a prescription in the hospital or community situation and monitor it for legality, appropriate therapy, appropriate dosage and potential drug interactions. Extemporaneously prepare simple products for internal or external use. Access and update Patient Medication Records and operate a computer labelling system. Demonstrate the legal and ethical implications of making an emergency supply of a Prescription Only Medicine at the request of a medical practitioner and a patient. Communicate with a medical practitioner to discuss prescription details. Communicate with a patient to convey sufficient information to enable him/ her to comply safely and effectively with a medication regimen. Respond to symptoms presented by a patient. Be familiar with hospital case notes.
Content:
Legislation: Introduction to the structure of British legislation. The Medicines Act (1968). The Misuse of Drugs Act (1971). Legislation controlling Health Care Professionals. Labelling of Medicines for Sale. PPCAL workshops on Medicines Act & Misuse of Drugs Act. Pharmacy Practice: Principles of Good Dispensing Practice. Pharmacist's liabilities and responsibilities. Introduction to the supply of medicines in hospital and community. The Drug Tariff. Patients' Medication Records. Hospital Case Notes. Posology. PPCAL workshop on Prescription Problems. Behavioural sciences: Introduction to Behavioural Science relating to the Practice of Pharmacy. Interpersonal skills. Patient Compliance. Responding to Symptoms. Workshops on: Communications, Responding to Symptoms and Hospital Case Notes.

PHAR0027: Medicinal & biological chemistry 6 (Recent advances in small molecule ligands)
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: OT80 CW20
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To extend the student's understanding of fundamental concepts in medicinal chemistry by a detailed study of selected, topical examples. After completing this unit, the student should be able to recognise the fundamental principles of medicinal chemistry and apply them to unfamiliar agents and in unfamiliar settings.
Content:
GABA receptors, Glu receptors, Anticancer agents, Cannabinoid receptors. It is envisaged that the examples chosen will vary from year to year, depending upon topicality.

PHAR0028: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 5 (Pharmacology of autocoids & immunology)
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: EX80 CW20
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
Understanding release of autocoids and the immune response.
Content:
Drugs affecting autocoids, inflammation and immune disorders. Natural science students MUST take PHAR0029 at the same time as this unit.

PHAR0029: Physiology, pathology & pharmacology 6 (Pharmacology of the endocrine system)
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The action of drugs on the endocrine system.
Content:
Physiology, pathology and pharmacology of the endocrine system. Natural science students MUST take PHAR0028 at the same time as this unit.

PHAR0032: Pharmacy practice 2 (Developments in pharmacy practice)
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
Aims. To build on and extend the range of knowledge and skills acquired in Pharmacy Practice 1 and 2. Objectives. After taking this unit, the student should be able to: Monitor prescriptions and patients' hospital medication charts relating to more complex therapy. Critically review the legality, appropriateness of therapy and dosage and the risk of potential drug interactions and adverse drug reactions in proposed patient therapy. Build on a structured approach to responding to symptoms presented by a patient. Prepare a wide range of extemporaneous products. Communicate with patients and health care professionals.
Content:
Legislation: employment legislation; health & safety legislation; consumer legislation. poisons legislation, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health CHIP Regulations, Spirits Legislation NHS (Pharmaceutical Services) Regs NHS & Community Care Act (1990). Practice: Developments in pharmacy practice. NHS: history, present structure & future developments. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain: Charter, organisation and pharmacist's duty under statute. The practical course widens the student's experience of clinical pharmacy with more complex patients medical histories and potential drug interactions. Practical skills are further developed using extemporaneous exercises. Social & behavioural sciences. Workshops cover communications skills and further examples of responding to symptoms.

PHAR0034: Pharmacy practice 3 (case studies in pharmacy practice)
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: ES100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To study topics relevant to current pharmaceutical practice.
Content:
Current developments in pharmaceutical practice case studies.

PHAR0035: Dissertation in pharmacy
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: DS75 CW25
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The aim of the unit is that the students gain skills in conducting a literature survey on a chosen topic, reviewing their findings and presenting them orally and in a well-organised piece of writing. When the students have completed the unit, they should be able to: 1) use methods of searching for information on a pharmaceutically related topic in a library or other information source; 2) critically review this information and assess the reliability and importance of individual pieces of information, according to their source and relevance to the topic chosen; 3) construct an organised, well argued and concise oral presentation and written dissertation using this information.
Content:
A topic related to the science and practice of pharmacy will be chosen by each student from a list provided. A tutor will be assigned to each student to monitor progress, give advice and assess the dissertation and oral presentation. One lecture will be given to all the students to introduce the unit and to give general guidance on planning library work, assessing the quality and relevance of data, preparing the oral presentation and writing the dissertation. Three tutorials will be given by the tutors to assigned groups of students; in these tutorials, the student will be given additional guidance and their progress will be monitored.

PHAR0036: Medicines design 5 (Solid state formulation & pulmonary delivery)
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Undergraduate Masters
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To show how solid dose medications and inhaled systems are formulated and to give a physical and chemical basis for the choice of particular formulated systems.
Content:
Processing techniques common to the production of solid dose pharmaceuticals: milling, mixing, granulation and drying. The physics of tablet compaction. Direct compression tablet production. Formulation of tablets for wet and dry granulation. Techniques of capsule production. Coating: sugar coating, polymer film coating and coatings for controlled release. Controlled release: physiological basis and need. Controlled oral release achieved by matrix, film-coated and osmotic systems. Formulation of pMDI, DPI and nebulisable formulations

PHAR0037: Pharmacy practice 4 (Further advances in pharmacy practice)
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Undergraduate Masters
Assessment: EX30 PR20 OT50
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
Aims. To consider the function and structure of various pharmaceutical organisations and the roles and responsibilities of allied health professions. Further consideration of legislation relating to the profession of pharmacy and the acquisition of further practical experience with scenarios relating to pharmacy practice. To consider current and future developments in pharmacy practice. Objectives. After taking this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the application of pharmaceutical knowledge, behavioural science and legislation to professional practice, as a prerequisite to commencing pre-registration training and, in due course, application for admission to the Register of Pharmaceutical Chemists in Great Britain. Students must pass this unit in order to be awarded their degree.
Content:
Pharmaceutical organisations, the profession of pharmacy. Current and future developments in pharmacy practice. Case studies in pharmaceutical legislation. The practical course continues to address more complex practice scenarios, building on experience gained in previous units. Revision of practice and legislation covered to date.

PHAR0038: Clinical pharmacy 1 (Introduction to clinical pharmacy)
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Undergraduate Masters
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce the student to principles of clinical pharmacy, disease states and to demonstrate the principles of taking a medical history. To enable the student to differentiate between acute, chronic, important and trivial disease states. At the end of the unit the student will have an understanding of specific disease states, an improved understanding of effective interpersonal communication skills and an improved systematic approach to the problems experienced in clinical practice.
Content:
Lectures: paediatrics, geriatrics, health of the nation, health promotion, terminal care, intensive care, parenteral therapy, accident and emergency. Workshops: diabetes, gastro-intestinal tract, cardiovascular therapy, asthma, anaphylaxis and allergy. Hospital Visits: surgery, gastroenterology, rheumatology, endocrinology.

PHAR0039: Project 1
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Undergraduate Masters
Assessment: OT100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The aim of the unit is that the student gains skills in setting up an hypothesis and in devising experiments designed to test that hypothesis. At the end of the unit, the student should be able to present the background to the chosen research area, the hypothesis to be addressed and the means by which it is to be tested.
Content:
A wide range of project topics will be made available from which the student will chose one. It is likely that in many areas, group project work will be encouraged.

PHAR0040: Advanced pharmaceutical studies 1
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Undergraduate Masters
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To provide an opportunity for the student to study selected areas of pharmaceutical interest in depth; to explore the relationships between specialised subject areas and their wider relevance in the world of pharmaceutical science. At the end of the unit, the student will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the selected topics and an ability to integrate knowledge gained from all aspects of the MPharm degree programme.
Content:
Areas of topical or potential interest in the pharmaceutical and related sciences will be chosen for study. The nature of the course dictates that the topics chosen will change from year to year. It is proposed to introduce each topic by means of an invited lecture or structured symposium; the subject will be further explored by directed student-centred learning.

PHAR0041: Clinical pharmacy 2 (Continuation in clinical pharmacy)
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Undergraduate Masters
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To continue and develop the aims and objectives of Clinical Pharmacy 1.
Content:
Lectures: dermatology, oral medicine, family planning, ophthalmology, wound healing, health economics, anaesthetics, diabetes, epilepsy. Workshops: health promotion, poisons and pain, dermatology, epilepsy and CNS. Hospital visits: respiratory, cardiovascular, geriatrics, CNS.

PHAR0042: Project 2
Semester 2
Credits: 15
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Undergraduate Masters
Assessment: RT100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The aim of this unit is to allow the student to develop practical research skills. At the end of the unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to generate original data, to analyse the data appropriately and to present conclusions drawn from the data.
Content:
Students will be offered a choice of research project from a wide range of topics in the pharmaceutical sciences.

PHAR0043: Advanced pharmaceutical studies 2
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Undergraduate Masters
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To provide an opportunity for the student to study selected areas of pharmaceutical interest in depth; to explore the relationships between specialised subject areas and their wider relevance in the world of pharmaceutical science. At the end of the unit, the student will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the selected topics and an ability to integrate knowledge gained from all aspects of the MPharm degree programme.
Content:
Areas of topical or potential interest in the pharmaceutical and related sciences will be chosen for study. The nature of the course dictates that the topics chosen will change from year to year. It is proposed to introduce each topic by means of an invited lecture or structured symposium; the subject will be further explored by directed student-centred learning.

PHAR0044: Measurement in pharmacology
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
Understanding of the principles of measurement required in experimental pharmacology. Basic techniques and recording equipment; molarities; dose-response curves using in vitro preparations.

PHAR0045: Experimental pharmacology 1
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 1
Assessment: CW50 OT50
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
This unit is the first of a series of 5 units and is designed to provide the student with an appreciation of, and experience in, the practical techniques which are used in the major areas of pharmacological research. PHAR0045 is designed to make the student aware of the importance of animal husbandry, to ensure competence in the handling and preparation of experimental animals and to acquaint them with the factors which influence the potency and duration of action of a drug in the body. This will be coupled with a project which will introduce students to techniques of information retrieval, to working as part of a team and to the preparation of data for oral and visual presentation. After taking this unit, the student should be able to handle with confidence various laboratory animals and be able to dissect and prepare a range of organs for experimental purposes. A grounding in the events which influence a drug's activity will also be gained. Experience in the retrieval of scientific information together with oral and visual presentation of a selected topic will also be gained.
Content:
Animal husbandry and handling; anatomy and dissection; routes of drug administration, volumes of distribution; drug metabolism and excretion. Selection of a major theme e.g. cancer which allows a variety of aspects to be researched independently by small groups and then presented either orally or in poster format to obtain an integrated picture of the theme.

PHAR0046: Experimental pharmacology 2
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce the student to the pharmacology of the different divisions of the nervous system, the kidney and cardiovascular system.
Content:
Neuromuscular transmission and blocking agents, parasympathetic nerves, cholinergic receptors, ganglion blocking drugs and muscarinic receptor antagonists, sympathetic neurotransmission, adrenoceptors and ion channels in nerves and smooth muscle. Actions of diuretics on urinary ionic composition, inotropic and chronotropic effects of drugs on cardiac preparations, mechanisms involved in control of blood vessel diameter.

PHAR0047: Experimental pharmacology 3
Semester 2
Credits: 18
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: PR75 OT25
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce the student to the practical techniques used to study the release, fate and actions of endogenous substances with potent biological activities on isolated cells and tissues, and those used to investigate the mechanism of action of drugs acting on the respiratory and central nervous systems with assessment of the resulting behavioural changes. To introduce the student to working in a small team, and to presenting date in standard scientific formats. After this unit, the student should be familiar with the techniques (cellular, tissue, systemic) used to study the pharmacology of a range of mediators and drugs, able to design experiments and to allot tasks within a team, and to present experimental data in oral and poster form in line with current practice of the Bristish Pharmacological Society.
Content:
Illustration of the pharmacology of histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, eicosanoids, nitric oxide, kinins, endothelins and platelet-activating factor using smooth muscle and platelet aggregometry. Antibody-based assays - cell surface expression, flow cytometry, immunoassays. Drug action on lung function. Neurotransmitter release from brain slices, microdialysis, behavioural changes as assessed by locomotor activity, exploratory behaviour etc. Oral and poster presentations.

PHAR0050: Pharmacokinetics & variability in drug response
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: CW70 OR30
Requisites:
Aims and Learning Objectives: To introduce the causes of variablility in drug response, with emphasis on pharmacokinetic factors. To introduce the theoretical basis of pharmacokinetics and describe its uses in development of medicines and in clinical applications. After attending the course students will be able to describe the theory underlying the practice of pharmacokinetics, interpret pharmacokinetic data, and perform basic pharmacokinetic analysis of clinical data.
Content:
Sources of variablilty in drug response and options for monitoring (and improving) the quality of drug therapy. Mechanisms of drug absorption, distribution and elimination, and the factors with affect each process. Pharmacokinetic modelling: mathematical methods and uses of various strategies. Effect of genetics, age, weight, and disease on pharmacokinetics. Scope of existing knowledge of biopharmaceutics and clinical pharmacokinetics in man.

PHAR0051: Medicines design
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: ES100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The unit aims to give the student a good understanding of the biological and formulatory factors that may affect the therapeutic efficacy of drugs and an overview of medicines.
Content:
Factors affecting the absorption of drugs, formulation of dosage forms, bioavailability of drugs and methods for its modification.

PHAR0052: Antimicrobial chemotherapy
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: ES100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To familiarise the student with the major microbial infections and their treatment.
Content:
Overview of bacterial infections. Antibiotic treatment, modes of action and resistance including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, b-lactamase inhibitors, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, 4-quinolones, vancomycin and fusidic acid and anti-tuberculosis agents. Viral infections and their treatment including Herpes, Varicella and HIV. Treatment of protozoal infections, including malaria.

PHAR0053: Integrated studies in pharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To draw together material from the earlier semesters and to provide a link with the advanced studies in the following semester.
Content:
Tutorials and essays covering topics from earlier in the programme.

PHAR0055: Project
Semester 1
Credits: 18
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: RT100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The aim of this unit is to allow the student to develop practical research skills. At the end of the unit the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to generate original data, to analyse the data appropriately and to present conclusions drawn from the data.
Content:
The student will be offered a choice of research project from a wide range of topics in pharmacology.

PHAR0122: Industrial placement
Academic Year
Credits: 60
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment:
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
Please see the Director of Studies for further information about the industrial placement year.

PHAR0126: Placement (MPharmacology)
Academic Year
Credits: 48
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The aim of this unit is to allow the student to develop practical research skills. At the end of the unit the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to generate original data, to analyse the data appropriately and to present conclusions drawn from the data.
Content:
The student will undertake a research project in the laboratories of the placement provider. The results of this project will be presented as a written report and as an oral communication.

PHAR0127: Dissertation
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: DS100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The aim of this unit is to allow the student to undertake a structured piece of library-based research, and to present the findings in an extended written form. At the end of the unit the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to acquire information from library sources, to assimilate and collate such information and to present a coherent account of the topic in the form of a dissertation.
Content:
The student will undertake this unit using the facilities of the placement provider, and with the advice and support of the placement supervisor. The subject of the dissertation will reflect the research activities of the placement, but may involve technological developments or therapeutic opportunities within a given area of pharmacological interest.

PHAR0128: Landmarks in Pharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: ES100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The aim of this unit is to allow the student to appreciate the scientific background to specific areas of pharmacology, and to evaluate the significance of particular experimental approaches to the development of current understanding of pharmacology. At the end of the unit the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to analyse seminal findings from early pharmacological literature, and to appreciate the relevance of historical observations to current areas of research in pharmacology.
Content:
The student will undertake this unit using the facilities of the placement provider, and with the advice and support of the placement supervisor. The subjects of the essays may in part reflect the research activities of the placement, but will emphasise the historical significance of specific experiments and published reports within given areas of pharmacological interest.

PHAR0130: Research project
Semester 1
Credits: 18
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Undergraduate Masters
Assessment: RT100
Requisites:


PHAR0138: Recombinant DNA technology - pharmaceutical applications
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 2
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims and Learning Objectives: The Unit provides a basic understanding of recombinant DNA technology for application in molecular pharmacology, the molecular basis of disease including infectious disease, production of recombinant proteins as pharmaceutical products, gene therapy and as a general tool in biological research. After completion of this unit the student will have a basic understanding of gene cloning and the associated technical procedures and an appreciation of the application of this technology in pharmaceutical and medicinal science.
Content:
Lectures will be included on DNA vectors including plasmids and viral vectors, genomic DNA and cDNA libraries. The manipulaiton of DNA including the use of restriction enzymes will be covered and specific lectures on the use of major techniques including agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, hybridisation techniques and polymerase chain reactions (PCR).

PHAR0140: Critical and communicative skills in pharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: EX80 ES20
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
The aim of this unit is to develop cognitive and transferable skills - first through critical analysis and interpretation of research publications in pharmacology, and secondly by the practice of oral and written communication of scientific information. After taking this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate an ability to identify the key points and conclusions of research papers, and to interpret research findings in a logical and critical manner. The student will also have undertaken exercises in verbal and written communication.
Content:
Exercises in rapid analysis of scientific literature to identify key findings; more measured critical analysis of sample papers, with a written commentary of key conclusions and their validity; essays on selected topics in pharmacology; oral presentation of project results and/or other scientific data.

PHAR0141: Advanced experimental pharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW100
Requisites: Pre PHAR0046, Pre PHAR0047
Aims & learning objectives:
to introduce the student to more advanced practical techniques used to evaluate 3 areas of current research interest in pharmacology, and to promote team interactions in acquiring and integrating complementary data. After taking this unit, the student will demonstate an understanding of the methods available to study drug effects in the chosen areas, and an ability to work within a small team to generate a pool of related experimental data for further analysis.
Content:
Three blocks of linked practical classes, each introduced by a single lecture, and each offering a series of techniques relevant to a current research topic within the pharmaceutical industry.

PHAR0142: Molecular pharmacology
Semester 1
Credits: 3
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW50 ES50
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To develop knowledge and understanding of techniques in molecular biology and their applicability to problems in pharmacological research. After taking this course, the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of commonly used techniques in molecular biology, and to appreciate the relevance of this molecular approach to research in pharmacology.
Content:
Gene manipulation - the polymerase chain reaction, site-directed mutagenesis, fusion proteins and reporter constructs, expression systems. Generation of cellular reagents for high throughput screening of drug candidates. Transgenic animal models, gene targeting and therapy.

PHAR0143: Practical medicinal and biological chemistry
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: ES20 PR80
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce students to fundamental aspects of the practical procedures involved in the synthesis of biologically active small molecules. An emphasis will be upon functional group recognition and interchange, and we will also illustrate the importance of the 3-dimensional structure in medicinal and biological chemistry. The results will be reported in the form of a brief paper write-up and as a scientific poster. After taking this Unit the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the factors involved in simple synthetic transformations of common functional groups and also assess the 3-dimensional shape of molecules with respect to functional groups. Have experience of scientific poster design and preparation.
Content:
The topics included in this practical course include a choice from studies of structural factors that affect reactivity, functional groups and their interconversion at practical and mechanistic levels, and stereochemistry in pharmaceutical and biological molecules. Preparations of drugs or their synthetic intermediates will be carried out.

PHAR0144: Experimental pharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW30 PR30 OT40
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To familiarise the student with the methods used to measure functional pharmacological responses, to develop skills in using these techniques to study the systematic pharmacology of different organs within the body, and to gain experience of presenting scientific data in poster form. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate an understanding of the pharmacological techniques used to study the actions of drugs in the kidney and in intestinal, bronchial and vascular smooth muscle, and will have presented experiemental data in a poster format.
Content:
Methods of measurement in pharmacology; actions of diuretic drugs on urinary levels of sodium, potassium and hydrogen; influence of route of administration of a drug on its onset and duration of action; agonist and antagonist response curves; actions of drugs on vascular, cardiac and respiratory smooth muscle.

PHAR0145: Practical pharmacognosy and the analysis of natural products
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: ES20 PR80
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce students to the practical procedures involved in the evaluation of crude drugs, the extraction and chemical characterisation of low molecular weight compounds of natural origin. To report the results of a practical investigation in the form of a poster. After taking this Unit the student should be able to carry out a microscopical and chromatographic evaluation of a dried plant material, be familiar with the methods available for the extraction and isolation of low molecular weight compounds from natural sources and be able to elucidate the chemical structure of simple natural products from spectroscopic data. The student should be able to produce a simple and informative scientific poster based upon a short practical investigation of a natural material.
Content:
Identification of plant materials using microscopical techniques. Extraction techniques including solvent extractions, steam distillation, acid/base cycles. Separation techniques including thin layer and column chromatography, gas chromatography and GC/MS. Chemical structure elucidation of natural products. Choice of methodology for specific examples. Poster design and preparation.

PHAR0146: Practical pharmaceutics
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW60 OT40
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To challenge students to solve typical problems of pharmecutical formulation, giving them experience of team work, poster presentation, experimental design, analytical methods in formulation, selection of criteria for optimisation, and establishment of specifications for pharmecutical products. After attending the course, students should be able to identify key issues in formulation of typical medicines, design a strategy for pre-formulation research, carry out such research, draw conclusions from the results, present those data in poster format and make recommendations for future work.
Content:
Students will work in small groups to study a number of formulation problems during the unit. Each week will involve preparation/tutorial work followed by practical work. Each group of students will study all problems during the course, and will be required to present a poster-style report on one of their projects, at the end of the unit. Formulation exercises will be selected from examples such as the following: dermatological gel formulation (including use of co-solvents, rheological analysis, preservation); cream formulation (inclusion of drugs, volume ratio of oil, rheological analysis, preservation); tablet formulation (wet granulation, compression conditions); opthalmic solutions (drug stability, buffering, isotonicity); parenteral solution formulation (as opthalmic); suspension formulation (wetting, flocculation, physical stability).

PHAR0147: Design of drug synthesis (synthetic design)
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW30 EX50 OT20
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce students to fundamental aspects of the design of drug syntheses. An emphasis will be upon functional group recognition and interchange, and planning of synthetic routes. After taking this Unit the student should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the factors involved in planning synthetic approaches to drugs by simple synthetic transformations of common functional groups, the retrosynthetic method.
Content:
The topics in this course include the need for good synthetic planning, retrosynthetic analysis, and disconnections at appropriate functional groups

PHAR0148: Central nervous system pharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To familiarise the student with recent advances in the pharmacology of the central nervous system (CNS), and to examine selected topics in greater depth. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of the major groups of centrally-acting drugs, and an appreciation of the current understanding of disease processes in the brain.
Content:
Selected topics covering recent advances in CNS pharmacology, such as: chronobiology and chronopharmacology, the rhythmicity of pathological processes and drug responses, jet lag, shift work, seasonal affective disorder. Neuromodulators and neurotransmitters including tachykinins, pancreatic polypeptides, opioids, cholecystokinin, vasopressin and oxytocin, abnormal peptides in Alzheimers disease.

PHAR0149: Pharmaceutical biotechnology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 EX80
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To build upon introductory material in Year 2 to develop knowledge of current and future applications of molecular biology in relation to the discovery and production of protein pharmaceuticals, nucleic acid pharmaceuticals, gene therapy, and development of vaccine technology. After completing this unit, the student should demonstrate a working knowledge of modern practice of biotechnology, and be able to discuss the future potential of this technology as a source of pharmaceutical products.
Content:
Expression of recombinant proteins (ie. E coli, insect, yeast, or mammalian cells as hosts); optimisation of fermentation; scale-up of expression; purification and analysis of recombinant proteins; formulation and relevant regulatory issues of protein pharmaceuticals; oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents; ribozymes; design of vectors for selective gene expression; viral and non-viral gene therapy; production of gene therapy products, strategies for non-viral gene delivery; DNA vaccines; gene therapy case histories, cancer and cystic fibrosis.

PHAR0150: Cardiovascular pharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 EX80
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To familiarise the student with recent advances in cardiovascular pharmacology and current areas of research of particular importance and interest. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate an understanding of the regulation of vascular smooth muscle and its modulation by drugs, occlusive vascular disease and targets for future drug development.
Content:
Selected topics covering recent advances in cardiovascular pharmacology, such as: regulation of blood vessel tone, calcium and potassium channels, endothelium-derived vasorelaxant factors. Anti-hypertensive therapy, links between insulin resistance, sex hormones and cardiovascular disease. Occlusive vascular disease, including myocardial infarction and stroke.

PHAR0151: Medicinal uses of natural products
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 EX80
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To provide the student with a broad view of the medicinal uses of natural products in mainstream medicine and in western and oriental herbal medicine. To consider the advantages and disadvantages of natural products and the procedures used for their production and quality evaluation.
Content:
Selected topics such as: natural product drugs in the British Pharmacopoeia, natural substances as pharmaceutical excipients, herbal medicines from European and Oriental perspectives and their chemical constituents, pharmaceutically useful agents from the terpenoid and other biosynthetic pathways, insecticidal natural products, large scale production of natural products for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

PHAR0152: Molecular biology and drug design
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 EX80
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To build upon earlier material from Recombinant DNA Technology to demonstrate how the techniques and knowledge base of molecular biology is changing the practice of drug discovery. After completing this unit, the student will be able to demonstrate an understanding of molecular cloning and associated methodology, genomics, methods for structural characterisation of macromolecules, development of assays for target molecules, bioinformatics, use of arrays of molecules, and the current practice of drug discovery utilising molecular biological techniques.
Content:
Introduction to genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics; strategies and methods for cloning genes (ie within superfamilies); strategies for identification of molecular targets; use of databases for drug design and discovery; uses of arrays of biological molecules (eg gene chips); basic principles of structural biology: typical motifs within proteins; introduction to X-ray crystallography; NMR of proteins and nucleic acids; MS techniques in protein analysis; structural studies of ligand-protein binding, molecular modelling of drug-protein interactions; DNA recognition; transcriptional activation; phage display libraries; evolutionary techniques; population genetics and pharmacogenomics; design of high throughput screening systems; interface with chemical structure-based discovery approaches.

PHAR0153: Respiratory pharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims and Learning Objectives: To familiarise the student with recent advances in respiratory pharmacology and current areas of research of particular importance and interest. After taking this unit the student should demonstrate an understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of lung disease and targets for pharmacological intervention.
Content:
Selected topics covering recent developments in the understanding of respiratory diseases and identification of new pharmacological targets, such as: Cystic Fibrosis: molecular biology and regulation of CFTR, relationship between CFTR and disease, pharmacological regulation of CFTR, host defence in cystic fibrosis. Asthma: chemical and cellular mediators, neuronal control of the airways, new and prospective treatments. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: gene transcription and potential for therapy. Pulmonary hypertension and oedema, hypoxia and anoxia: mechanisms and pharmacological targets

PHAR0158: Recent advances in autocoids and peptides
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 ES20 EX60
Requisites:
Aims and Learning Objectives: To familiarise the student with recent advances in pharmacology with respect to novel substances which have been identified from endogenous and exogenous sources and which are currently areas of intense investigation, and to practise cognitive skills. Knowledge gained from previous units in pharmacology will be built upon with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics. The tutorials are integral to the unit, allowing for open discussion of pertinent current research papers. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate an understanding of the pharmacology of substances which control local smooth muscle tone as well as those released from nerve fibres which mediate pain and/or inflammatory effects, and an ability to interpret relevant research data in a logical and critical manner.
Content:
An in-depth treatment of selected topics covering recent advances in autocoid pharmacology, such as: endothelium-derived factors: NO, endothelins, EDHF. Eicosanoids, Sensory neuropeptides: CGRP, Substance P, VIP. ATP. Nociceptin, epibatidine and somatostatin.

PHAR0159: Recent advances in cardiovascular pharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 ES20 EX60
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To familiarise the student with recent advances in cardiovascular pharmacology and current areas of research of particular importance and interest, and to practise cognitive skills. Knowledge gained from previous units in pharmacology will be built upon with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics. The tutorials are integral to the unit, allowing for open discussion of pertinent current research papers. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate an understanding of the regulation of vascular smooth muscle and its modulation by drugs, occlusive vascular disease and targets for future drug development, and an ability to interpret relevant research data in a logical and critical manner.
Content:
An in-depth treatment of selected topics covering recent advances in cardiovascular pharmacology, such as: regulation of blood vessel tone, calcium and potassium channels, endothelium-derived vasorelaxant factors. Anti-hypertensive therapy, links between insulin resistance, sex hormones and cardiovascular disease. Occlusive vascular disease, including myocardial infarction and stroke.

PHAR0160: Recent advances in central nervous system pharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 ES20 EX60
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To familiarise the student with recent advances in the pharmacology of the central nervous system (CNS), to examine selected topics in greater depth and to practise cognitive skills. Knowledge gained from previous units in pharmacology will be built upon with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics. The tutorials are integral to the unit, allowing for open discussion of pertinent current research papers. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of the major groups of centrally-acting drugs, an appreciation of the current understanding of disease processes in the brain, and an ability to interpret relevant research data in a logical and critical manner.
Content:
In-depth treatment of selected topics covering recent advances in CNS pharmacology, such as: chronobiology and chronopharmacology, the rhythmicity of pathological processes and drug responses, jet lag, shift work, seasonal affective disorder. Neuromodulators and neurotransmitters including tachykinins, pancreatic polypeptides, opioids, cholecystokinin, vasopressin and oxytocin, abnormal peptides in Alzheimers disease.

PHAR0161: Recent advances in respiratory pharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 ES20 EX60
Requisites:
Aims and Learning Objectives: To familiarise the student with recent advances in respiratory pharmacology and current areas of research of particular importance and interest. Knowledge gained from previous units in pharmacology will be built upon with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics. The tutorials are integral to the unit, allowing for open discussion of pertinent current research papers. After taking this unit the student should demonstrate an understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of lung disease and targets for pharmacological intervention; and be able to interpret relevant research data in a logical and critical manner.
Content:
An in-depth treatment of selected topics covering recent developments in the understanding of respiratory diseases and identification of pharmacological targets, such as: Cystic Fibrosis: molecular biology and regulation of CFTR, relationship between CFTR and disease, pharmacological regulation of CFTR, host defence in cystic fibrosis. Asthma: chemical and cellular mediators, neuronal control of the airways, new and prospective treatments. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: gene transcription and potential for therapy. Pulmonary hypertension and oedema, hypoxia and anoxia: mechanisms and pharmacological targets

PHAR0162: Recent advances in immunopharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 ES20 EX60
Requisites:
Aims and Learning Objectives: To extend the students knowledge of the immune system to include the various target cells and molecules that are being investigated for their potential therapeutic use in diseases characterised either by inadequate or excessive immune reactivity, and to practise cognitive skills. Knowledge gained from previous units in pharmacology will be built upon with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics. The tutorials are integral to the unit, allowing for open discussion of pertinent current research papers. After completing this unit, the student will have acquired knowledge of therapeutic interventions to modulate the immune response, and of the impact of immunotherapy in treating autoimmunity, cancer and immunodeficiencies, and will show an ability to interpret relevant research data in a logical and critical manner.
Content:
Identification of potential drug targets in the immune system - antigen specific/non-specific. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics, immunotoxins. Inhibitory cytokines, cytokine inhibitors. Inhibitors of T cell signalling, antioxidants. Th1/Th2 cells, costimulation, anergy, apoptosis. Apoptosis induction in treating cancer. Class II MHC blockade, altered peptide ligands, T cell receptor vaccination. Tolerance induction, oral tolerance. Treatment of autoimmune diseases.

PHAR0163: Recent advances in molecular signalling
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 ES20 EX60
Requisites:
Pre PHAR0142 or Pre BIOL0106 Aims and Learning Objectives: This unit will familiarise the student with recent advances in molecular signalling and current areas of research which are of particular interest and importance. Knowledge gained from previous units in cell biology, and in particular molecular pharmacology, will be built upon with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics encompassing cellular signalling events in different model systems. The tutorials are integral to the unit, allowing for open discussion of pertinent current research papers. After taking this unit the student should have an in depth understanding of the complex interactions which occur in cellular signalling events. They should have developed the ability to read and interpret original research papers in this area in a logical and critical manner and recognise the intricacies of cellular signalling mechanisms.
Content:
An in-depth treatment of selected topics covering recent advances in molecular signalling. The areas to be covered include signalling events occuring in immune cells in response to cytokines and other mediators; protein interaction modules; kinase cascades; tyrosine kinases; tyrosine phosphatases; lipid signalling; regulation of transcription.

PHAR0164: Cytokines, chemokines and adhesion
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims and Learning Objectives: To develop further key skills in information retrieval, organisation and communication through studying mechanisms of inflammatory cell migration. After taking this unit the student should demonstrate an ability to undertake literature searches, to assimilate scientific information and to present a given topic as an oral communication supported by a written abstract. The group will be able to describe the mechanisms of cell adhesion, movement and activation occurring in inflammation.
Content:
Adhesion molecules: selectins, integrins; chemotactic cytokines: sources, structure, targets, receptor specificity and signalling; cytokine networks in leukocyte migration.

PHAR0165: Advanced topics in molecular medicine
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To provide students with an appreciation of how recent advances in our ability to manipulate genes, signalling pathways, cells and whole organisms are providing new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. After taking this unit the student will have acquired an in depth appreciation of current developments in a selected area of molecular medicine. In the process they will have practised and improved their skills in information retrieval, information management and presentation.
Content:
Master genes and mesenchymal cell differentiation; Stem Cells-fundamental concepts and potential applications; Modulation of Gene Expression In Vivo-application to the study of disease; Mammalian Cloning-facts and fantasies; Transcriptional Profiling and Database Mining-making sense of the human genome project. Gene Therapy; Manipulation of the Immune System-options for therapy; The use of recombinant proteins as therapeutic agents. Free Radicals in Biology-the notion of "oxidative stress"; Antioxidant Defence Mechanisms-eukaryotes versus prokaryotes; Inducible Antioxidant Defence in Mammalian Cells: UVA/HO-1. Molecular Integration of Signalling Pathways; Small molecule inhibitors of signalling pathways and their therapeutic applications. Angiogenesis; Wound Healing.

PHAR0166: Toxins and ion channels
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW100
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To develop further key skills in information retrieval, organisation and communication through studying mechanisms whereby toxins target specific ion channels. After taking this unit the student should demonstrate an ability to undertake literature searches, to assimilate scientific information and to present a given topic as an oral communication supported by a written abstract. The group will be able to describe the use of toxins as tools to investigate structure, function and regulation of specific ion channels.
Content:
Structure and function of selected ion channels - nicotinic ACh receptor, potassium channels, calcium channels. Targeting of specific ion channels by toxins from various sources - bacteria (pertussis toxin), plant, fungi, snake venom (Mamba toxins), scorpion (charybdotoxin), spider (agatoxins). How such toxins have informed studies of ion channel structure, function and regulation.

PHAR0167: Autocoids and peptides
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 EX80
Requisites:
Aims and Learning Objectives: To familiarise the student with recent advances in pharmacology with respect to novel substances which have been identified from endogenous and exogenous sources and which are currently areas of intense investigation. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate an understanding of the pharmacology of substances which control local smooth muscle tone as well as those released from nerve fibres which mediate pain and/or inflammatory effects.
Content:
Selected topics covering recent advances in autocoid pharmacology, such as: endothelium-derived factors: NO, endothelins, EDHF. Eicosanoids, Sensory neuropeptides: CGRP, Substance P, VIP. ATP. Nociceptin, epibatidine and somatostatin.

PHAR0168: Immunopharmacology
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 EX80
Requisites:
Aims and Learning Objectives: To extend the students knowledge of the immune system to include the various target cells and molecules that are being investigated for their potential therapeutic use in diseases characterised either by inadequate or excessive immune reactivity. After completing this unit, the student will have acquired knowledge of the current situation regarding therapeutic intervention to modulate the immune response, the most important target structures and the impact of immunotherapy in treating autoimmunity, cancer and immunodeficiencies.
Content:
Identification of potential drug targets in the immune system - antigen specific/non-specific. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics, immunotoxins. Inhibitory cytokines, cytokine inhibitors. Inhibitors of T cell signalling, antioxidants. Th1/Th2 cells, costimulation, anergy, apoptosis. Apoptosis induction in treating cancer. Class II MHC blockade, altered peptide ligands, T cell receptor vaccination. Tolerance induction, oral tolerance. Treatment of autoimmune diseases.

PHAR0169: Molecular signalling
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 EX80
Requisites: Pre PHAR0142
Aims and Learning Objectives: This unit will familiarise the student with aspects of molecular signalling and current areas of research which are of particular interest and importance. Knowledge gained from previous units in cell biology, and in particular molecular pharmacology, will be built on with more advanced and specialised treatment of specific topics encompassing cellular signalling events in different model systems. After taking this unit the student should demonstrate an understanding of different cellular signalling mechanisms.
Content:
Selected topics covering recent advances in molecular signalling. The areas to be covered include signalling events occuring in immune cells in response to cytokines and other mediators; protein interaction modules; kinase cascades; tyrosine kinases; tyrosine phosphatases; lipid signalling; regulation of transcription.

PHAR0170: Pathology
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: EX100
Requisites:
Aims and Learning Objectives: To familiarise the student with the science of pathology, to introduce students to pathological investigations, and to develop the students' knowledge of drugs and drug action in a clinico-pathological framework. After taking this unit, the student should demonstrate an understanding of common pathological states, should be able to integrate this knowledge with the pharmacology acquired in other units and will have investigated selected topics in greater depth through studies of case histories.
Content:
Selected topics covering the pathology of malignancy, chronic infections, renal and cardiovascular disease, liver disease - drugs and poisons, neurodegeneration, arthritis.

PHAR0171: Infections
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: ES50 PR50
Requisites: Pre PHAR0020
Aims & learning objectives:
To familiarise the student with the major infections and their treatment with antimicrobial agents. After completing this unit, the student should be able to describe the clinical presentation of common infectious diseases, suggest rational therapy and understand the pharmacology of anti-microbial agents.
Content:
Bacterial infections including those caused by Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus sp, Clostridium sp, Neisseria sp. Enterobacterial species, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes, Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium sp. Antibiotic treatment, modes of action and resistance including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, b-lactamase inhibitors, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, 4-quinolones, vancomycin and fusidic acid and anti-tuberculosis agents. Viral infections and their treatment including Herpes, Varicella and HIV. Fungal infections including dermatophytes and Candida albicans and treatment with amphotericin and azole agents. Treatment of protozoal infections, including malaria. Helminths and arthoropods. Antimicrobial synergy, antagonism and resistance amongst clinical isolates will be investigated in the practicals and workshops.

PHAR0172: Liquid and semi-solid formulation (Medicines Design 3)
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW10 EX90
Requisites: Pre PHAR0018, Pre PHAR0024
Aims & learning objectives:
To provide the student with an understanding of the formulation of liquid and semi-solid dosage forms and the underlying physicochemical principles involved in the formulation of these preparations. After taking the course the students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the pharmaceutically important properties of liquid and semi-solid products and how they are formulated.
Content:
Liquids overview, water, solubilisation, liposomes, oral solutions, organoleptics, principles of suspension formulation, suspension stability, suspension formulation, viscolysers, osmotic phenomena, principles of parenteral formulations, parenteral solutions, other parenteral formulations, sustained release parenterals, parenteral devices, ophthalmics; eye drops and contact solutions, liquids packaging; principles, materials, product package interactions. Semi-solids overview. Creams formulation. Dermatologicals; skin properties, formulations, drug delivery and transport, packaging.

PHAR0173: Pharmaceutical development and manufacturing
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: CW20 EX80
Requisites: Pre PHAR0024, Pre PHAR0172
Aims & learning objectives:
To develop further understanding of the role of pharmaceutical research and development in the manufacture and marketing of medicines. To review the industrial development and optimisation of liquid, semi-solid and parenteral products. After completing the course the student will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the role and practice of pharmaceutical R&D in an industrial context, and discuss technical R&D issues in relation to development of liquid, semi-solid and parenteral products.
Content:
Review of the drug development process; clinical trials design; interaction of research and development with clinical trials and toxicology programmes; regulation of pharmaceuticals; GMP issues; data and information management; pharmaco-economic issues in drug development; dosage form design; review of excipients for liquid and semi-solid products; controlling the performance of dermatological formulations; parenteral production issues; case studies in liquid and semi-solid formulation.

PHAR0174: Health education
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment: EX80 CW20
Requisites:
Aims & learning objectives:
To develop the concept of health education as a method of achieving a reduction in both patient morbidity and mortality. After undertaking this Unit, the student will have an understanding of (I) basic health education theory and methods, (ii) the pharmacist's role in health education and (iii) the health education needs of particular patient groups.
Content:
Health education theory and methods. The pharmacist's role. Drug misuse. Health and travel. HIV / sexual health. Coronary heart disease prevention. Nutrition. Mental health. Health education for special patient groups. Practice research methodology applied to health education.

PSYC0016: Health psychology
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic: Psychology
Level: Level 3
Assessment: EX50 ES50
Requisites: Pre PSYC0008, Pre PSYC0009
Aims & learning objectives:
To introduce students to concepts, theory, methods and applications of health psychology. Students will be introduced to health psychology theory and methods using the concepts of social psychology and psychobiology. They will be expected to know about the range of methods appropriate to the measuring process and evaluating outcomes in health psychology. A major theme in the course questions what it means to be healthy or well and to have a good quality of life in relation to health care and investigates how this can be assessed. They will be in a position to appreciate some of the key interventions designed by health psychologists for use in clinical and non-clinical settings with patients suffering from the major chronic disease groups, e.g., cardiovascular, cancer and chronic pain conditions. The reporting of symptoms and the management of acute illness in GP consultations forms a central part of the course. Attention will be paid to the range of settings in which health care is delivered and the impact of hospitalisation and institutionalisation. The seminars provide a range of topics connected with preventing disease e.g., AIDS and on health promotion and education. Students will be expected to be able to set the psychology of health within a broad multidisciplinary context in the health and social sciences. They will be encouraged to understand not only how health care is appraised by patients/clients, but also the reciprocal role of giving care on the part of health care workers. They should be able to appraise the dynamics of organising psychological care within the health care system.

XXXX0011: New Pharmacy/Pharmacology Units
Semester 1
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment:
Requisites:
This psuedo unit represents a number of new Pharmacy/Pharmacology units which will be available from September 2000.

XXXX0011: New Pharmacy/Pharmacology Units
Semester 2
Credits: 6
Contact:
Topic:
Level: Level 3
Assessment:
Requisites:
This psuedo unit represents a number of new Pharmacy/Pharmacology units which will be available from September 2000.