UNIT CATALOGUE

BIOL0001: Skills & techniques 1 (basic laboratory & communication skills)

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: CW50 PR50

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: The aim is to provide students with the opportunity to acquire proficiency in a range of basic laboratory and communication skills.

Content: Practical skills: Basic quantitative laboratory skills; micro-organism handling; radioisotope techniques. IT skills: Introduction to IT and campus IT facilities; word-processing, BIDS. Presentation skills: Essay writing. Small group discussion work.

These skills will be developed during tutorial sessions which have the additional aim of identifying and rectifying weaknesses in subject background.

BIOL0002: Skills & techniques 2 (quantitative skills)

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: CW100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: The aim is to provide students with the opportunity to develop their proficiency in handling basic mathematical and statistical procedures, including the use of IT facilities.

Content: Introduction to quantitative biology, including elementary statistics. Use of Minitab. Numerical calculation workshops. Small group discussion work. Verbal and written presentation.

BIOL0003: Biochemistry 1

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: This course aims to teach the students the pathways of central metabolism and to relate the regulation of these pathways to the homeostasis of the whole organism. In order to appreciate and understand metabolism, the students are taught the fundamental aspects of enzymes and their regulation, and this in turn is necessarily preceded by lectures on protein structure.

Content: Proteins: amino acids - structures, ionisation and physical properties; primary structure and an overview of protein folding and conformation. Enzymes: catalysis, kinetics, regulation Metabolism: chemistry of monosaccharides, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, citric acid cycle, glyoxylate cycle, regulation of central metabolism.

Students must have A-level Chemistry in order to undertake this unit.

BIOL0004: Biochemistry 2

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX80 CW20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0003

Aims & Learning Objectives: To learn about biochemistry - after taking this unit the student should be familiar with the subjects listed below.

Content: The course is a direct follow - on from Biochemistry I. Topics studied are 1) Mitochondrial bioenergetics, respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. 2) lipid metabolism - structure of lipids, catabolism and anabolism of fatty acids, ketogenesis and coordination with other metabolic pathways. 3) Biochemistry of animal tissues and organs, such as mechanisms of neurotransmission and muscle contraction.

BIOL0005: Cell biology

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX100

Requisites: Co BIOL0006

Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the techniques available for determining the structure and function of cellular components and processes, to describe the structure and function of cells and cell organelles and to show the diversity of cells.

After taking this course the student should be able to:

Describe the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, describe the structure and explain the function of cell organelles, make comparisons between related structures and functions, critically appraise methods available to determine the nature and function of cellular processes, understand the dynamic nature of cell behaviour.

Content: Introduction: eucarya, eubacteria and archaea; microscopical techniques; cytochemistry; cell fractionation and autoradiography. The structure and function of cell membranes, plant walls, intercellular channels. Cellular processes such as cell signalling, cytoskeleton and cell movement, secretion and absorption. Organelles involved in energy metabolism: chloroplasts and mitochondria, plant microbodies. Nucleus, chromosomes, cell growth and proliferation, mitosis and meiosis.

BIOL0006: Cell & molecular biology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX100

Requisites: Co BIOL0005

Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the structure and function of nucleic acids; To introduce the concepts and methodology of genetic modification; To introduce the processes of animal development.

Content: The structure and function of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in relation to organisms, genes, gene expression and protein synthesis. How organisms, genes and gene expression can be altered and studied via the technology of genetic modification. How the changing patterns of gene expression in cells and tissues can lead to the development of an egg into an animal, using examples from Xenopus, Drosophila and mouse.

BIOL0007: Genetics

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the principles of inheritance, to describe the chemical nature of inheritable material and the molecular basis of mutagenesis, to describe the structure and expression of genes and genomes in cells, to enable the student to appreciate how genetic data are generated and interpreted, to show basic genetic techniques in a wide range of organisms.

After taking the course the student should be able to: Explain Mendelian principles and their underlying concepts, explain and create a genetic map, describe how the chemical structure of DNA accounts for information encoding and its change, appreciate the structure and dynamic nature of the genome, understand the basis of the gene transfer in prokaryotes.

Content: Topics: Principles of inheritance in eukaryotes; chemical nature of the gene; structure of genomes; gene expression; mutagenesis; non-Mendelian genetic systems. Practical sessions cover: Random assortment of two genetic markers in the fruit fly (Drosophila); sex linkage in Drosophila; tetrad analysis in a fungus (Sordaria); complementation testing in the yeast Saccharomyces; genetic mapping in the fungus Aspergillus; mutagenesis in the bacterium Salmonella; genetic polymorphism in Homo sapiens.

BIOL0008: The diversity of bacteria & fungi

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To consider the major adaptive and evolutionary themes within the bacteria and fungi emphasising the adaptive significance of the organizational innovations which have evolved within the constraints imposed by each group.

Content: A review of the structural and functional diversity of bacteria.

A consideration of the development and functioning of more complex life forms and life cycles within the fungi.

BIOL0009: The diversity of animals & plants

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX100

Requisites: Pre BIOL0008

Aims & Learning Objectives: To consider some of the major adaptive and evolutionary themes within the animals and plants emphasising the adaptive significance of the organizational innovations which have evolved within the constraints imposed by each group.

Content: A review of the structural and functional diversity of animals as centrally organised, mobile, heterotrophic life forms.

A consideration of the functioning of plants as non-mobile, photo-autotrophic life forms with federal organisation.

BIOL0010: Introductory animal physiology

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: The course aims to develop an understanding of the how animals function at the level of systems, organs and physiological processes.

Content: Basic organisation- tissues and organs; Body fluids- plasma, blood cells, haemostasis; Gut - digestion and absorption; Heart & circulation - control of blood pressure, exchange with tissues; Lung - respiration; Kidney - salt and water regulation; Nervous system - electrical properties of neurones, synapses and chemical transmission, the brain, autonomic nervous system; Endocrine system - homeostasis; Reproductive organs - production of male and female gametes - fertilisation; immune system - cellular and humoral defences, inflammation. Most material concerns mammalian physiology. However, where appropriate, comparisons are made with other groups of animals.

BIOL0011: The biosphere

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX100

Requisites: Co BIOL0012

Aims & Learning Objectives: The aim of this course is to provide a global perspective of the communities and ecosystems of the world and the role of these systems in the flow of energy and matter.

Content: The flow of energy and matter: the global cycles and the flow through the major ecosystems. The major terrestrial and aquatic biomes, including tundra, taiga, temperate grassland, deciduous forest, tropical forest. The impact of humankind on the environment, with particular emphasis on pollution and deforestation

BIOL0012: Ecology & evolution

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX100

Requisites: Co BIOL0011

Aims & Learning Objectives: The course examines the role of individuals, populations and communities in the evolution of ecological systems.

Content: Key concepts in evolution are introduced and reviewed including the nature of evolutionary selection, including kin-selection, sexual selection and natural selection. The dynamics of ecological populations are examined both through field and laboratory examples and mathematical models. These include population growth, intraspecific and interspecific competition and predator/prey relationships. The structure and development of plant, animal and fungal communities is also examined and evidence is described from studies of the limits of similarity, island biogeography and food webs.

BIOL0013: Directed studies 1

Semester 1

Credits: 3

Level: Level 2

Assessment: ES50 CW30 OR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To give each student experience in the study of biological information and in its written and verbal presentation.

After taking this course the student should be able to:

make appropriate use of the various forms of biological publication; organize information and use OHP facilities to present a short talk to a small group of students: carry out searches using BIDS and EMBASE; write and word-process a substantial scientific report on a biological topic, with appropriately listed references to published literature.

Content: The course consists of a series of small group sessions with a lecturer and about 6-8 students.

BIOL0014: Directed studies 2

Semester 2

Credits: 3

Level: Level 2

Assessment: ES50 CW30 OR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To give each student experience in the evaluation of written and quantitative biological information, and in its written, graphical and verbal presentation.

After taking this course the student should be able to:

carry out statistical analysis and graph plotting using Minitab; interpret quantitative data; organize information and use OHP facilities to present a short talk to a small group of students; write and word-process a substantial scientific report on a biological topic, with appropriately listed references to published literature.

Content: The course consists of a series of small group sessions with a lecturer and about 6-8 students.

BIOL0015: Biochemical problems

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: CW100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: Aims: To learn to assimilate compilations of experimental data and to draw valid conclusions from them.

After taking the course, the student should be able to: Study a collection of biochemical observations, such as the Results Section of a publication or simply a series of related observations compiled specifically for the exercise, and assess their significance. Indications of this ability could be, eg answering particular questions or writing the Discussion section of a paper. It is especially important that the student learns to draw only such conclusions as are fully justified by the data.

Content: Several members of academic staff will participate in the Course, each providing a particular problem. This will be handed out and explained to the class, who will then have some 4 days to provide written answers. These will be marked, returned

BIOL0016: Professional training in Biochemistry 1

Semester 2

Credits: 30

Level: Level 2

Assessment: OT80 CW20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the principles of statistics as applied to biological problems

2. To understand the principles and application of the various methods for the purification and characterisation of proteins.

3.To understand the principles and practice of working in a professional research environment.

After taking this course the student should be able to: Integrate into a commercial or academic research environment; understand the need for team work; be able to keep stringently accurate and logical lab books; write a major report about the professional placement; to be able to live in the UK or overseas and work as a professional biochemist.

Content: Preparatory courses in the principles and practice of statistics and protein biochemistry.

Laboratory or other professional experience which is deemed suitable by the Director of Studies (Placements).

BIOL0018: Enzymology A

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites: Pre CHEY0007

Aims & Learning Objectives: To learn about the catalytic behaviour of enzymes and explore their properties as proteins

Content: Ligand binding; steady-state and transient kinetics; theories of catalysis; allostery; multienzyme complexes; chemical modification; effects of inhibitors and pH; isoenzymes; heterocyclic chemistry and coenzymes; purification and assay

BIOL0019: Hormones & signalling

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0004

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the principles of cell signalling mechanisms

After taking this course the student should be able to: Give an account (both qualitative and quantitative) of ligand-receptor interactions; explain the consequences of hormone-receptor interactions on metabolic and other cell functions in terms of molecular interactions.

Content: STEROID HORMONES:

* synthesis from cholesterol,

* steroid receptors: structure, interaction with hormones, DNA binding and gene activation/repression.

HORMONE RECEPTORS AND G PROTEIN COUPLING:

* Receptor structure

* G protein structure and interaction with receptors

* Signalling mechanisms through adenylyl cyclase and phosphoinositide turnover

* Calcium as a second messenger

* Phosphorylation mechanisms and consequences for protein function

INSULIN AND OTHER TYROSINE KINASES:

*·Tyrosine kinase receptors: structure, mechanism and signalling pathways.

BIOL0020: Physical biochemistry & proteins

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand protein conformation in terms of noncovalent interactions between amino acid side chains, the thermodynamic principles underlying the protein folding problem. Also to understand the various physical methods available for the characterisation of biological macromolcules and their application to the study of protein conformation.

After taking this course the student should be able to : give a qualitative description of the interactions that maintain the native conformation of a protein and determine the stability of the native conformation; appreciate the structural information that various spectroscopic techniques can give; understand the structural information that various scattering and diffraction techniques can give.

Content: Polypeptide chain folding, the role of non-covalent interactions, the protein folding process, denaturation and renaturation, protein conformational change, spectroscopic techniques (UV/visible/IR, Ramn, circular dichroism, nmr, esr), scattering techniques (X-ray diffration, solution scattering), Microscopy (optical and electron)

BIOL0021: Protein purification

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 CW20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the principles and application of the various methods for the purification and characterisation of proteins; to understand the principles and application of the ultracentrifuge in the biochemistry laboratory.

After taking this course the student should be able to : plan a purification scheme for the isolation of a protein from various starting materials, taking account of requirements for both purity and yield of the product; design experiments that involve the use use of ultracentrifugation techniques.

Content: Protein separation by column chromatography based on differences in molecular size, charge, hydrophobicity and specific affinity for ligands; electrophoretic methods for the purification and characterisation of proteins; theory and practise of preparative and analytical ultracentrifugation

BIOL0022: Practical biochemistry

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: CW100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the principles of the practical aspects of biochemistry. After taking this course the students should be able to : Arrive at their second year placement and understand the basic aspects of required biochemical techniques; have the practice and ability to work in teams.

Content: Topics in enzyme purification: Kinetics of yeast isocitrate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase: apply modelling techniques to protein structure and aspects of molecular biology; analyse transport phenomena; lipgenesis and organic synthesis of enzyme substrates.

BIOL0023: DNA (making, breaking & disease)

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 CW20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0006

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the relationship between DNA synthesis, DNA repair, the animal cell growth cycle and apoptosis. After taking this course the student should be able to : give a detailed account of the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication and repair in a variety of living systems; show how DNA metabolism and cell cycle controls are related to cancer; give an account of antitumour therapy.

Content: DNA replication, and where relevant DNA in (x174, E.coli, SV40, and human cells. Cross talk between synthesis, repair and the cell cycle in complex systems. Immortality and carcinogenesis. Site of action of antifolates, fluorouracil, magic bullets.

BIOL0023: DNA (making, breaking & disease)

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 CW20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0006

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the relationship between DNA synthesis, DNA repair, the animal cell growth cycle and apoptosis. After taking this course the student should be able to : give a detailed account of the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication and repair in a variety of living systems; show how DNA metabolism and cell cycle controls are related to cancer; give an account of antitumour therapy.

Content: DNA replication, and where relevant DNA in (x174, E.coli, SV40, and human cells. Cross talk between synthesis, repair and the cell cycle in complex systems. Immortality and carcinogenesis. Site of action of antifolates, fluorouracil, magic bullets.

BIOL0024: Advanced cell biology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX100

Requisites: Pre BIOL0006

Aims & Learning Objectives: To familiarise students with the concepts and vocabulary of key aspects of cell biology, mainly with reference to vertebrates. Coverage will include the commonly used techniques in these fields of study and emphasis will be given to the relationship of cellular events to the physiology or development of the whole organism. Students should be sufficiently familiar with the topics covered that they will be able to readily extend their knowledge by reference to primary research articles in these areas.

Content: Cell adhesion and the extracellular matrix; membrane transport (carrier proteins and ion channels); intracellular trafficking; cytoskeleton; cell signalling (growth factors, hormones, neurotransmitters, receptors and signal transduction); neuronal development (birth, death and axonal specificity); growth and genomic imprinting; sex determination.

BIOL0025: Practical molecular biology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: PR100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide practical experience of some commonly used molecular biology techniques and to evaluate these in comparison with other available methods so that the students are aware of a range of techniques used for the characterisation of gene structure and gene expression. This will allow students to understand how and why these techniques have been applied when they encounter them in journal articles, and to consider these methods when they design their own experiments. The second objective is to interpret the data obtained from experiments and to present this in clear written reports.

Content: Techniques will include: handling of nucleic acids, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing and Northern blot analysis. Data interpretation will involve DNA sequence analysis and interrogation of protein and nucleic acid databases.

BIOL0026: Recombinant DNA techniques

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: PR75 OT25

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce some of the basic practical skills and techniques of recombinant DNA technology. To work independently and evaluate their own data. To learn to integrate theory and practice in genetic modification. To gain an insight into the exploitation of microbes as genetic model systems.

Content: Basic cloning techniques: isolation of plasmid and lambda DNA, restriction digestion, ligation, transformation into E. coli, biological and physical analysis of recombinant clones. Yeast and bacteriophage genetics

BIOL0027: Animal physiology 1: Homeostasis

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To show how different physiological systems function normally, how they can become perturbed, and how this is perceived by the body and corrected by neuronal/hormonal homeostatic mechanisms.

Content: Examples are drawn from among mammals and, where appropriate, compared with lower vertebrates. The approach is a whole-systems one and, with few exceptions, does not involve detailed study of biochemical mechanisms. The systems considered include: osmoregulation and the maintenance of water and major ions (Na+, K+, Cl-); calcium regulation; cardiovascular regulation; digestion, absorption and the metabolic handling of absorbed nutrient; body temperature regulation. Other functions such as the control of growth are also considered. Laboratory classes include dissections, examination of prepared slides and in vitro experiments.

BIOL0028: Animal physiology 2: Reproduction & immunology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To discuss the biology and endocrine control of reproduction in mammals, with occasional comparison with lower vertebrates. To introduce the basics of the immune system in vertebrates.

Content: Reproduction (approximately 2/3 of course): reproductive strategies; the development of reproductive systems; the regulation of male reproduction; oestrous cycles in females; pregnancy and parturition; in vitro fertilization and other medical interventions.

Immunology (approximately 1/3 of course): the basics of the system, how it responds to infections and how the response is modulated by different physiological states such as stress or pregnancy.

In laboratory classes, students will have an opportunity to examine specimens and slides of different reproductive organs, and engage in some in vitro analyses and experiments.

BIOL0029: Insect biology

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0009

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide an overview of the morphological, physiological and developmental diversity of insects, particularly in relation to their role as crop pests, and methods for their control.

Content: Characteristics of the major orders of insects; aspects of the biology of aphids; aspects of the physiology of insects that are important or peculiar (therefore relevant to pest control); a survey of synthetic pesticides - chemical classes, mode of action and mechanisms of resistance. Practical sessions: the range of insect external morphology; types of post-embryonic development; experiments on the major "life-systems" of insects: excretion; water balance; neuroendocrine system; pheromone communication.

BIOL0030: Plant biochemistry

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 CW20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce some important aspects of plant metabolism and their role in the functioning of the whole plant.

Content: Utilisation of light energy in photosynthesis; CO2 incorporation; carbohydrate synthesis, storage and breakdown; the metabolism of stored carbohydrate to yield energy (respiration) and intermediary metabolites; the function and metabolism of lipids; pigments, with particular reference to porphyrins and carotenoids. Emphasis will be placed on sites where herbicides disrupt normal metabolism and biochemical protective and detoxification mechanisms (e.g. cytochrome P-450) in plants.

Practical sessions provide experience in the use of a variety of techniques for the study of plant processes. An equivalent period of directed study will be provided for students who already have adequate experience of practical biochemistry.

BIOL0031: Plant development & biotechnology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the major groups of plant hormones and their role in development.

Content: The course introduces the main groups of plant hormones, their role in developmental responses in plants and the use of chemical and/or genetic methods for manipulating plant development for experimental and practical ends. The course then introduces methods of tissue culture and their use in micropropagation, selection for disease resistance and plant transformation. Practical sessions provide experience in the use of tissue culture techniques in the study of plant development and plant biotechnology.

BIOL0032: Plant pathology

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0009

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide a thorough understanding of the biology and control of the major groups of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. To introduce the physiological, biochemical and genetical basis of host-parasite interaction.

Content: Pathogenic strategies and modes of nutrition; the biology, disease cycles and control via host resistance, fungicides and cultural practice of the major groups: plasmodial fungi eg clubroot; Phytophthora species; downy mildews; powdery mildews; vascular wilt fungi; smuts; rusts bacterial pathogens. The concept of disease management and integrated control. The genetic basis of host-parasite interaction; host resistance mechanisms. The mathematical modelling of plant disease epidemics and the relationship between these models and practical disease forecasting.

BIOL0033: Bacteriology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide an overview of the diversity and importance of bacteria and the ways in which they affect people, directly and indirectly. To provide experience in the handling and characterization of bacteria.

Content: Population growth dynamics and technical aspects of liquid cultures; chemical and physical methods of inactivating and eliminating bacteria - heat sterilization, filtration, antiseptics, disinfectants; characterization and classification of bacteria; properties of the main groups; organisms of ecological significance, of public health importance - food and water-borne pathogens, and agents of plant and animal disease. Practical sessions involve quantitative bacterial growth experiments; the isolation of bacteria of different types and with different properties; methods for characterization, including rapid and miniaturized testing procedures.

BIOL0034: Virology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: The aim of the course is to introduce students to the basic characteristics of viruses, both as microorganisms and as agents of disease of animals and plants.

Content: The physical, chemical and biological propertioes of viruses; the life cycle and replication strategies of representative RNA and DNA viruses; the effects of viruses, including methods of pathogenesis, at the whole organism, cellular and biochemical levels; principles of virus detection and disease diagnosis; virus transmission, ecology and control; emerging viruses and novel virus-like agents. Practical sessions introduce common methods for identification and characterisation of viruses.

BIOL0035: Animal development

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the main principles of vertebrate development through the study of Xenopus, Drosophila and the mouse. These are underpinned by cell biology topics closely relevant to developmental processes.

Content: Xenopus development covering normal development, fate mapping, specification map, induction, morphogen gradients, DV patterning in egg, mespderm induction, dorsalisation, neural induction, AP patterning. Mouse development covering gametogenesis and fertilization, normal pre and post implantation development, ES cells, transgenesis and targeted mutagenesis. Cell adhesion. Extracellular matrix. Cell movement and morphogenesis. Tissue organisation, metaplasia, neoplasia.

BIOL0036: Practical studies of animal development

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: CW80 PR20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0035

Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce students to the appearance and manipulation of animal embryos. To learn to relate the appearance of histological sections to the three dimensional embryo.

Content: The course is based on a series of 12 laboratory practical sessions which include: sorting and staging Xenopus embryos; culturing, lithium treatment, maternal inheritance, simple manipulations, interpretation of sections. Dissection of mouse and chick embryos. Simple manipulation of chick limb development. Staining and interpretation of sections and skeletal preparations.

BIOL0037: Crop protection & weed biology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: The course aims to provide an understanding of the measures which can be taken to prevent losses of crops due to the effects of pest, diseases and weeds. Approaches range from those used in developed countries, often based on sophisticated technology involving application of pesticides and herbicides, to low cost cultural methods more practicable in developing countries.

Content: The history, principles and practice of protection of crop plants from parasitic microorganisms, pests and competing weeds; biological physical and chemical approaches to crop protection; pesticides and herbicides, their design, screening, formulation and application; legislation; strategic and safe use in view of non-target organisms; development of pest and herbicide resistance and environmental pollution; integrated control measures. Practical sessions include identification of weed plants and excursions to conventional and organic farms to study methods of weed and pest control.

BIOL0038: Environmental physiology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: This course aims to explore some of the mechanisms by which phenotypic diversity is generated in microorganisms, plants and animals.

Content: How variations in the phenotypic and genetic attributes of organisms is brought about by means of interaction between external environmental factors and internal metabolic and reproductive processes. The processes that produce genetic and phenotypic variation in microorganisms, plants and animals. The way that external factors such as temperature, light, gravity, aeration, inhibitory chemicals impinge on these processes. Chemical and electrical mechanisms that co-ordinate developmental programmes and physiological and behavioural responses to environmental change.

BIOL0039: Autumn field course

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: CW100

Requisites: Pre BIOL0012

Aims & Learning Objectives: To give each student an appreciation of the diversity of life and to examine natural populations and communities to provide insights into the mechanisms and processes underlying distribution patterns. To give each student an appreciation of the strengths and weaknesses of standard field methods for the interpretation and description of observed patterns and of current hypotheses which attempt to identify the phenomena that determine community structure. To give each student an appreciation of the importance of experimental design and of statistical analysis and the opportunity to design and carry our field-based investigations.

After taking the course the student should:

Know how to approach the problem of finding and identifying a variety of kinds of organisms within their natural habitats; know how to quantify distribution patterns using a variety of techniques and sampling procedures; appreciate how distribution patterns are influenced by selection; begin to question how observed distribution patterns have come into being, may change or be maintained as a result of dynamic processes.

Content: The course introduces students to ecosystem types of varying complexity and subject to different kinds of selection process, such as rocky shore, sand dune, coastal grassland, salt marsh, woodland. The use of appropriate sampling patterns, experimental design data gathering, statistical analysis and presentation are introduced. An introduction is given to the observation and quantification of animal behaviour in the field. Each student designs and carries out a half-day and a two-day field-based investigation. The data from these are analysed and graphically presented after the trip using University computing facilities.

Students are required to make a financial contribution towards the field course (currently £90).

BIOL0040: Concepts in ecology & evolution

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX100

Requisites: Pre BIOL0012

Aims & Learning Objectives: To give each student an appreciation of the dynamic relationships between ecological patterns and evolutionary processes. To identify parallels and disparities between pattern generating processes operating across and within kingdom boundaries, in relation to developmental and behavioural mechanisms and the levels at which selection operates.

Content: Topics: General concepts relating to evolutionary processes regulating the stability and instability of living systems; concepts of niche, competition, symbiosis, ecological strategies and self/non-self discussed qualitatively in terms of their significance to the understanding of pattern formation, and in the context of chaos theory; concepts of natural selection and its role in the evolutionary process; the application of kin selection theory in the evolution of behavioural interactions between relatives; the concept of optimality in ecology and evolution, optimal foraging theory; self organisation, division of labour and the superorganism.

The course ends with two group discussions, whose purpose is to ensure full cohesion between the parts of the course.

After taking this course, the student should be able to:

Utilise concepts from nonlinear systems theory (including chaos theory) kin selection theory, natural selection theory, behavioural ecology, community biology and ecological genetics in understanding ecological and evolutionary issues.

Appreciate the consequences of interpreting these issues within the constraints which these concepts impose.

Understand the nature of probabilistic, deterministic and random process, and their role in ecology and evolution.

BIOL0041: Spring field course

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: CW100

Requisites: Pre BIOL0012, Pre BIOL0040

Aims & Learning Objectives: To explore natural habitats in ways that enable the student to recognise natural patterns of distribution and behaviour of organisms and to question the basis of these patterns. To give each student an appreciation of the strengths and weaknesses of standard field methods for the interpretation and description of observed patterns and of current hypotheses which attempt to identify the phenomena that determine community structure. To give each student an appreciation of the importance of experimental design and of statistical analysis and the opportunity to design and carry out field-based investigations.

After taking the course the student should:

Appreciate how communities are structured and how this structure can be investigated; understand and appreciate how this structure may have arisen and is maintained; appreciate the philosophical base of community biology and how this influences interpretations of community structure.

Content: The course introduces students to ecosystem types of varying complexity and subject to different kinds of selection process, such as rocky shore, sand dune, coastal grassland, salt marsh, woodland. The use of appropriate sampling patterns, experimental design data gathering, statistical analysis and presentation are introduced. An introduction is given to the observation and quantification of animal behaviour in the field. Each student designs and carries out a half-day and a two-day field-based investigation. The data from these are analysed and graphically presented after the trip using University computing facilities.

Students are required to make a financial contribution towards the field course (currently £90).

BIOL0042: Investigative project

Semester 1

Credits: 12

Level: Level 3

Assessment: PR80 OR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To develop skills in planning and undertaking a scientific investigation, analysing and interpreting the results and reporting the outcome.

Content: All stages are undertaken under the guidance of an academic supervisor. The planning stage involves defining the problem and devising an appropriate strategy to investigate it within constraints of time and resources. Risk assessment. The investigation stage involves the acquisition of (usually) quantitative data. Experimental design. Carrying out quantitative techniques, evaluating sources of error. The analysis and interpretation stage involves the use of appropriate statistical techniques and the evaluation of results in relation to published work. The final phase is to communicate the outcome of the project in the form of a written report.

BIOL0042: Investigative project

Semester 2

Credits: 12

Level: Level 3

Assessment: PR80 OR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To develop skills in planning and undertaking a scientific investigation, analysing and interpreting the results and reporting the outcome.

Content: All stages are undertaken under the guidance of an academic supervisor. The planning stage involves defining the problem and devising an appropriate strategy to investigate it within constraints of time and resources. Risk assessment. The investigation stage involves the acquisition of (usually) quantitative data. Experimental design. Carrying out quantitative techniques, evaluating sources of error. The analysis and interpretation stage involves the use of appropriate statistical techniques and the evaluation of results in relation to published work. The final phase is to communicate the outcome of the project in the form of a written report.

BIOL0043: Biological data interpretation

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide experience of the interpretation of biological data.

After taking this course the student should be able to:

Understand and interpret information on biological phenomena, using quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (text or image) sources. Make logical statements and reach sound conclusions from biological data. Be aware of the limits of interpretation and be capable of selecting suitable statistical tests. Be able to interpret the outcome of a statistical test on biological data.

Content: The course comprises a series of assignments and problems which are undertaken by the students and then analysed and discussed in weekly workshops. Using examples which illustrate different types of biological information, the course covers the interpretation of simple data sets, data transformation, graphical presentation, interpretation of trends, selection of appropriate statistical tests for particular data sets. As far as possible, the examples are generic, designed to be capable of interpretation without a requirement for in depth understanding of any particular area of biology.

BIOL0044: Neurochemistry

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 CW20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide an overview of brain biochemistry, including an historical perspective of certain aspects and discussion of current controversies. The student should acquire a general knowledge of brain anatomy, as well as an understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms important in neuronal function and synaptic transmission. Practical experience of classical neurochemistry procedures.

Content: Twenty four lectures, covering: brain anatomy; ion channels and the action potential; myelin biochemistry; neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission, including receptor structure and pharmacology; neuronotrophic factors and neuronal placticity; peptides and pain mechanisms, visual perception.

One 2-day practical on brain subcellular fractionation and analysis

BIOL0045: Cell membranes

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 CW20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0019

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the principles governing the structure of the lipid bilayer and the arrangement of proteins in the membrane, the importance of biosynthesis of membrane proteins, and the structure and catalytic mechanism of membrane transporter proteins.

After taking the course the student should be able to: Interpret emerging literature data on the biosynthesis, cellular distribution, and regulated subcellular trafficking data of membrane proteins; give quantitative interpretation of kinetic, biochemical and biophysical data on transport of ions and sugars through membrane transporters.

Content: Topics: Functions and common structural features of membrane lipids and proteins. Case study of the erythrocyte membrane proteins. Lateral diffusion of membrane components. Biosynthesis and sub-cellular trafficking of membrane proteins. Structures and functions of cell adhesion molecules. Common features of membrane transporters for ions and neutral molecules together with the specialised features that provide substrate specificity . Kinetics of transport. Structural features of membrane transporters.

BIOL0046: Proteins & immunochemistry

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 CW20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the molecular basis of antibody function and the principles of their application in immunochemical techniques; to understand the significance of protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions.

After taking this course the student should be able to: understand the molecular basis for antigen-antibody interaction, appreciate the role of antibody as a component of the immune system, understand the basis of specific immunochemical methods and their applications,

Content: Overview of the immune system and the biological role of antibodies, structure of an antibody molecule and its relationship to antigen-binding and effector functions, principles of immunochemical techniques, protein-protein interactions and their importance for the function of oligomeric proteins, protein-nucleic acid interactions and their relevance to restriction enzymes and repressors.

BIOL0047: Carbohydrate polymers

Semester 1

Credits: 3

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 CW20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the principles determining the structure and metabolic importance of the storage carbohydrates glycogen and amylpectin, the structure and biosynthesis of glyoprotein components in membrane proteins, and the structure and biosynthesis of mucopolysaccarides.

After taking the course the student should be able to: Give an account of the means by which glycogen metabolism is regulated by the hormones adrenalin and insulin and by metabolic substates; show how an understanding of carbohydrate polymers is giving insights into how inherited metabolic diseases of carbohydrate metabolism can be controlled; understand the basic structural patterns of glycoproteins and how these may be determined. Appreciate the distribution and roles of glycoprotein, particularly the functions of their carbohydrate components.

Content: Topics: Glycogen structure, biosynthesis and catabolism. Regulation of glycogen metabolism by hormones; inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism; amino sugar synthesis and incorporation into polymers; proteoglycan biosynthesis; relationship between mucopolysaccaride structure and function and distribution; common structural patterns of glycoproteins, emphasising detail of carbohydrate portions; methods of structural analysis of carbohydrate polymers and glycoprotein carbohydrates; general distribution of glycoproteins, biosynthesis and functions.

BIOL0048: Enzymology B

Semester 1

Credits: 3

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To learn about enzyme mechanisms

Content: The course addresses the methods used to study end elucidate mechanisms of enzyme catalysis. Three aspects of evidence are discussed:

1) Study of the overall reaction

2) Study of enzymes as proteins

3) Use of non-enzymic models.

These approaches are applied to case studies of individual enzymes: ATP citrate lyase, citrate synthase, acetoacetate decarboxylase, ribonuclease and chymotrypsin.

BIOL0049: Biochemical parasitism

Semester 2

Credits: 3

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0023, Pre BIOL0055

Aims & Learning Objectives: To examine the biochemical adaptations required for existence as a successful parasite. Students will be able to define a virus and understand the concept of parasitism; they will appreciate the metabolic constraints caused by occupancy of this niche and the effects that parasitic infections and infestations have on the host. They will be able to conceive of ways of subverting parasite biochemistry to design effective treatments.

Content: Parasitology: protozoan and helminth biochemistry and its modifications in parasites. The modes of action of anti-parasite drugs and what these tell us about target metabolism.

BIOL0050: Biochemical problems

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: CW100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: Aims: To learn to assimilate compilations of experimental data and to draw valid conclusions from them.

After taking the course, the student should be able to: study a collection of biochemical observations, such as the results section of a publication or simply a series of related observations compiled specifically for the exercise, and assess their significance. Indications of this ability could be, e.g. answering particular questions or writing the discussion section of a paper. It is especially important that the student learns to draw only such conclusions as are fully justified by the data.

Content: Several members of academic staff will participate in the course, each providing a particular problem. This will be handed out and explained to the class, who will then have some 4 days to provide written answers. These will be marked and returned.

BIOL0051: Laboratory project in biochemistry

Semester 2

Credits: 12

Level: Level 3

Assessment: CW100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the principles of advanced laboratory practice with emphasis on the choice of analytical systems and development of team based research. After taking this course the student should be able to : Elucidate defined biochemical problem by designing appropriate practical experiments.

Content: Molecular biology, enzymology, protein separation, Molecular transport, neurochemistry, immunochemistry, tissue culture, structural studies in biology.

BIOL0052: Dissertation

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: CW100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: The aim is to provide the student with the opportunity to acquire proficiency in a range of communication skills. After taking this course the student should be able to: compose pieces of scientific journalism, write a grant proposal, understand management of laboratory work.

BIOL0053: Professional training in Biochemistry 2

Semester 2

Credits: 30

Level: Level 3

Assessment: OT80 CW20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: Aims:

1. To understand the principles of writing and presenting a major dissertation.

2. To understand the principles and application of advanced laboratory work.

3. To understand the principles and practice of working in a professional research environment.

After taking this course the student should be able to: Integrate into a commercial or academic research environment; understand the need for team work; be able to keep stringently accurate and logical lab books; write a major report about the professional placement; to be able to live in the UK or overseas and work as a professional biochemist.

Content: Preparatory workshops in scientific journalism, grant proposals, ethics, management.

Laboratory sessions in advanced biochemistry.

Laboratory or other professional experience which is deemed suitable by the Director of Studies (Placements).

BIOL0054: Biochemical protection & toxicity in plants

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: The aim of this course is to show how certain toxic chemicals such as free radicals and singlet oxygen, and also solar radiation (UV and visible) could lead to plant damage, and the mechanisms employed to prevent this.

Content: The role of herbicides in promoting the generation of toxic chemicals or in limiting the role of protective systems; mechanisms employed by plants to detoxify xenobiotics (e.g. pesticides) such as hydroxylation, conjugation and de-esterification; the role of cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and glutathione conjugation in herbicide metabolism.

BIOL0055: Genes & genomes

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 PR20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0023

Aims & Learning Objectives: A comparative study of the genome structure and expression in eukaryotes, protozoan & metazoan. Students will gain a thorough appreciation of the complexities of gene regulation and the various stages at which expression is regulated; they will also know how to use genome structural information to distinguish between individuals and will be able to devise a strategy for the identification and mapping of genes.

Content: Genome structure and mapping (genetic & physical). Repetitive DNA, its origins and use in DNA fingerprinting. Assembly of the eukaryotic RNA synthetic machinery and its regulation by trabscription factors. Eukaryotic expression systems. RNA splicing and its control.

BIOL0056: Plant molecular biology

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0023, or Pre BIOL0055, or Pre BIOL0030

Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce recent work on plant development and genetics as elucidated by a molecular approach. To demonstrate the importance of genes and gene expression in the development and life-cycle of the plant as a whole.

Content: The course examines plant gene-structure, gene-expression and molecular aspects of development. Topics include: plant genome size and repetitive DNA; plant transposable elements; the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes; cytoplasmic male sterility; plant development and the genetic control of floral morphology; self-incompatibility; embryogenesis and seed formation; fruit ripening; seed germination.

BIOL0057: Cell growth & proliferation

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0023, or Pre BIOL0024

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the principles of cell growth and division, the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the different constraints on free-living and metazoan cells, and the regulation of the cell cycle.

After taking this course the student should be able to: Give quantitative interpretation of growth curves; account for the regulation and dependency relationships in cell cycles; give an account of the control of DNA replication in cells; give an account of the cell cycle controls that ensure ordered progress of the cell cycle; show how genetics and biochemistry have been used to elucidate the cell cycle; relate cell cycle principles to the causes of cancer; show how an understanding of the molecular biology of cell cycle controls is providing therapeutic insights into the treatment of cancer.

Content: Topics: Methods for analysing growing cells and proliferating cell populations; batch culture; continuous culture; Escherichia coli cell cycle; cell cycle of yeasts; cell cycle of metazoan cells and cancer; specialised seminar topics presented by each participating member.

BIOL0058: Microbial genetics

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0023

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide an overview of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genetic systems, to relate the genetics of microorganisms to their wider biological role, and give an indication of the diversity of genetic systems.

After taking this course the student should be able to: Compare critically methods of mapping genes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes; understand the unity and diversity amongst bacterial plasmids; explain the mechanism and implications of transposition; provide a critical understanding of the molecular basis and types of recombination; provide an account of the development of bacteriophage lambda with an understanding of the regulation of promoters and the nature of a genetic switch; relate the possible evolutionary relationships between different replicating genetic elements.

Content: Topics: Advanced Mendelian genetics; recombination and repair; mitotic analysis; extranuclear genetics of yeasts; genetics of bacterial plasmids; genetics and development of bacteriophage lambda; specialised seminar topics presented by each participating member.

BIOL0059: Insect-microbe interactions

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0029

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide insight into the nature of symbioses between insects and their microbial flora; from commensal through parasitic to mutualistic association. In particular to provide an understanding of the nature of diseases in insects caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses; mechanisms of pathogenesis, virulence and host specificity. To explore the basis of immunity and insect defence against microbial pathogens.

Content: Concepts of symbiosis; Ice nucleating agents and insect cold hardiness; Mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis - host recognition, host invasion, role of fungal toxins; host specificity of fungal pathogens; Entomopathogenic bacteria; Endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, B. sphaericus; Entomopathogenic viruses - overview, baculoviruses, poly-DNA viruses, host immune systems, gut barrier and cuticle, cellular defence, humoral defence, immune proteins, comparison with vertebrate systems; Mutualism- exogenous symbionts, cellulose digestion, intracellular mutualists.

BIOL0060: Neurobiology

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0024

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide an overview of neurobiology, including an historical perspective of certain aspects and discussion of current controversies. To cover the neurochemical theories relating to brain disorders. The student should acquire a general knowledge of brain anatomy and the cellular and molecular mechanisms important in neuronal function and dysfunction. In addition, the requirement for each student to present a clinical topic and to engage in discussion constitutes a training in presentation skills.

Content: The lectures cover: brain anatomy, ion channels and the action potential; myelin biochemistry; neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission; neuronotrophic factors and neuronal plasticity; peptides and pain mechanisms.

Student seminars are arranged on clinical topics: e.g. Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntingdon's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Schizophrenia, Anxiety and Panic attacks.

BIOL0061: Advanced endocrinology

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0027, Pre BIOL0028

Aims & Learning Objectives: The aim of the course is to study aspects of endocrinology in depth, consolidating some topics which were introduced in the second year, and introducing some new topics. After taking this course, the student should be able to: Understand the techniques involved in hormone research; interpret research literature in endocrinology.

Content: Techniques used in studying endocrinology; the neuroendocrine-pituitary axis and the neuroendocrinology of stress; the behavioural effects of hormones, including the regulation of appetite and sexual activity; the role of the pineal gland and its hormone melatonin; hormone therapy and medical endocrine problems; the biosynthesis of hormones from large precursors. Folders with relevant papers are placed in the library as required reading.

BIOL0062: Fungi & people

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES15 OR5

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To achieve understanding of the many ways in which fungi are of direct importance to people; how beneficial fungal activities or effects can be exploited or enhanced and how detrimental fungal activities or effects can be remedied or avoided.

After taking the course, the student should be able to:

categorize and describe the ways in which fungi are of practical importance to [people; identify the constraints which currently limit our ability to control and make use of fungi; identify the opportunities which are available for the practical exploitation of fungi.

Content: Fungal diseases of people and animals; mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses; cultivation of edible and industrially or medically important fungi; ethnomycology; biodeterioration and biodegradation; fungi and pollution; future uses of fungi.

BIOL0063: Microbial physiology

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0033

Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce principles of microbial pathogenicity, with particular regard to the roles of the cell envelope and bacterial toxins. To give a sound understanding of the physiological and biochemical processes involved.

Content: Introduction to microbial pathogenicity; iron transport and the bacterial cell membrane; the mechanisms of cell adhesion; bacterial biofilms: their nature, formation and involvement in health problems; introduction to toxins and their role in disease; structural [properties and detection of toxins; cell envelope structural components and their role in vaccine development; AIDS.

BIOL0064: Plant-microorganism interactions

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0032

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide an understanding of the processes involved in infection and colonization of plants by parasitic microorganisms which lead to disease. To detail the chemical signals exchanged between the two species as key components of recognition events. To reveal the potential range of defences of plants: constitutive, induced non-specifically by damage, or specifically by pathogens.

After taking this course, the student should be able to:

Understand the biochemical and physical factors which determine the outcome of interactions between microorganisms and plants; appreciate how pathogens can avoid, negate or suppress host defences; recognize different pathogenic strategies for obtaining nutrients from plant hosts; appreciate alternative strategies for control of plant diseases.

Content: Constitutive resistance based on existing structural barriers such as cuticle, secondary cell walls and on antimicrobial chemicals such as saponins and phenolics; detoxifying enzymes; toxin binding sites. Induced resistance comprising formation of physical barriers such as new or altered cell walls, vascular occlusions, de novo synthesis of phytoalexins. Triggering of defence by stress responses, microbial elicitors or a recognition event. Infection structures of pathogenic fungi. Pathogenicity determinants including depolymerases, toxins, polysaccarides, siderophores, detoxifying enzymes; their structure, modes of action and role. Contrasting strategies of obligate biotrophs and facultative necrotrophs.

BIOL0065: Forest mycology & pathology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES15 OR5

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide each student with knowledge of the wide variety of roles played by fungi in forest and woodland systems, their practical and environmental importance and the factors which determine their ecological behaviour in these systems.

After taking this course, the student should be able to appreciate how fungi affect ecosystem functioning in forests and woodlands; relate patterns of fungal activity to environmental factors and understand how these factors are related to management and conservation practices; appreciate the complexity of dynamic relationships between fungi and trees, and identify conceptual and technical barriers and avenues to the understanding and control of these relationships.

Content: Forests as ecosystems; trees as ecosystems; factors influencing colonization and decay of wood; colonization strategies in standing trees; biological control; colonization of leaf litter; soil formation; formation and function of mycorrhizal associations.

BIOL0066: Bacterial ecophysiology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0033

Aims & Learning Objectives: To introduce the concept of ecophysiology as an interface of physiology with ecology and to examine in detail the physiological properties of certain types of bacteria, having regard to their habitat and/or mode of life.

Content: Introduction to nitrogen fixation; oxygen relations of nitrogenase, with emphasis on protection strategies in cyanobacteria; symbiotic nitrogen-fixing associations; a) cyanobacterial, b) rhizobial; bacterial movement (flagellar, gliding), tactic responses; buoyancy regulation, gas vesicle physiology; adhesion to surfaces, biofilms and their control; responses to low nutrient levels, ultramicrobacteria; prosthecate bacteria; bacterial life in extreme conditions (temperature, pH, hydrostatic pressure, low water availability).

BIOL0067: Advanced animal development

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment:

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To build on the level 2 course in Animal Development so as to provide a comprehensive grounding in the subject that will enable students to enter a PhD programme in Animal Development.

Content: Development of Ascidians, nematodes, molluscs; advanced Drosophila topics; regeneration of hydroids, planarians and the vertebrate limb.

Myogenesis, neurogenesis, neural tube patterning, rhombomeres, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, gut development, stem cells, teratocarcinoma.

BIOL0068: Plant protection

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0037

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide an in depth understanding of selected key aspects of the control of crop losses due to plant pathogens, viruses, insects and competing plants.

After taking this course the student should be able to:

Appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of current disease control measures, suggest alternative strategies in isolation or as part of an integrated control programme, make reasoned judgements as to environmental hazards and economic justification concerning pesticide use, appreciate the potential of new technologies in control of crop losses.

Content: Each session comprises a lecture and also seminars from 2-3 students. Environmental issues concerning pesticide use; economics of crop protection; integrated pest control; genetic engineering and disease control; mechanisms of resistance to herbicides; modern approaches to plant virus disease control; rational design of fungicides. Visit to a nursery practising integrated control.

BIOL0069: Plant, cell & environment

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0038, or Pre BIOL0031

Aims & Learning Objectives: To consider some of the physiological mechanisms by which plants sense and respond to their environment, the genetic basis of adaptability and responsiveness and the implications of these matters to the enhancement of stress-tolerant traits in crop plants.

Content: The course is in three parts. The first part considers mechanisms of response to the temperature of the environment: Freezing: the process of ice formation in plants; supercooling; colligative antifreezes; ice crystal inhibitors; porous barriers; equilibrium freezing and freeze dehydration. Temperature: mechanisms of adaptation to high and low temperature; membrane changes; stress proteins. The second part of the course discusses the concept of developmental plasticity: environmental control; multigene families; sensory mechanisms: hormonal regulation. The third part of the course discusses some examples of the application of this knowledge: cryopreservation; targets and techniques for producing stress tolerant plants.

BIOL0070: Plant biotechnology & the environment

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To define 'Plant Biotechnology' and describe the categories included within the definition and their applications. By the end of this course the student should have gained: A general understanding of the various categories of plant biotechnology; an understanding of the direct and indirect effects of plant biotechnology on the environment in terms of socio-economic costs and benefits; an appreciation of policy and institutional issues related to the exploitation of plant biotechnology by both the public and private sectors in a democratic society.

Content: The definition of 'Plant Biotechnology', the categories included within the definition and their applications. The link: population + consumption level + (bio) technology = environmental impact. World, regional and national trends in population size and food consumption levels and their implications for agricultural and natural ecosystems. The contribution of plant biotechnology to agricultural systems and their environmental implications. Ex situ and in situ biodiversity conservation strategies and the impact of biotechnology. Risk analysis and the release of genetically manipulated organisms into the environment. Public and private sector research, ownership of biological resources and intellectual property rights. Control of biotechnology R & D and implementation: priority setting; public participation; policies and institutions; developed and developing countries. The Cassava Biotechnology Network as an example of control and implementation of plant biotechnology.

BIOL0071: Topics in environmental plant virology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0034

Aims & Learning Objectives: To explore the relationship between viruses, plants (including fungi) and people through the appreciation of plant viruses as pathogenic entities that move and survive, at the molecular level, within cellular environments, and at the whole plant level, within and between natural and crop environments. The student should gain an understanding of the biology of plant viruses and their impact on plants and people.

Content: The nature of plant viruses. Viruses within the cellular environment; virus movement and distribution in plants; viruses in seed and pollen; secondary compounds in virus-infected plants; antiviral compounds; viruses and dsRNA in fungi; Viruses within crop and natural environments: symptom expression; emerging crop virus disease problems (especially in developing countries); virus vector transmission mechanisms, especially nematodes, aphids and fungi; the origins and epidemiology of plant viruses; viruses as pathogens of fungi

BIOL0072: Biology as a world view

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: How science views the world, what aspects of the world it considers worth investigating and how it conducts its investigations reflect and shape culture. This unit will examine these issues, focussing on modern biology and its predecessors. Particular attention will be given to the philosophical and social implication of the biological worldview, and the extent to which this worldview reflects reality.

Content: The origin of the Western worldview and its subsequent development in ancient Greece and mediaeval Europe. The influence of the scientific revolution and of the Enlightenment on the development of the scientific worldview. Issues covered include: how science is possible; how science identifies areas for study; the scientific approach; the role and implications of classification; prehistory and history of theories of the initiation and development of individuals; the role of inductive and deductive reasoning in fashioning the worldview. The unit will conclude with an investigation into the mind-body problem and its implications for science.

BIOL0073: The evolution of genetic systems

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0040, Pre BIOL0039

Aims & Learning Objectives: To apply classical evolutionary genetics to understand the organization of genetic systems.

Content: The course will discuss issues such as:

Can we use Darwinian thinking to understand why there are only two sexes, why organisms have sex and the forms of meiosis they employ? At a more detailed level the course seeks to ask whether natural selection shapes genomes: does it determine genome size, mutation rate, the number of chromosomes, the number of copies of certain genes, where on a chromosome a gene resides, which others it is linked to. Students must have A-level Mathematics to undertake this unit.

BIOL0074: The evolution of social behaviour

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 ES20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0040

Aims & Learning Objectives: To discuss in detail the principles of the evolution of social behaviour. To provide a good understanding of theoretical issues and principles of experimentation and analysis.

Content: This course debates the hottest topics in the evolution of social behaviour in animals including Homo sapiens. These topics include kin selection, inclusive fitness theory, sexual selection, kin recognition, altruism, genetic determinism, the evolution of co-operation and conflict, selfishness and spite and human sociobiology. This is a course based largely on seminars presented by students on the basis of their reading of primary publications, reviews and text book examples.

BIOL0075: Professional training placement 1

Semester 1

Credits: 30

Level: Level 2

Assessment: OT100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: The placement period aims to provide experience of the application of Biological Science in the world.

By the end of the placement year, the student should be able: To take individual responsibility for a piece of work within an agreed programme; To organise a personal work schedule, including setting of targets and objectives; To carry out practical work accurately and to appropriate specifications; To take the necessary steps to learn a new technique; To analyse, interpret and report scientific information; To produce a substantial report on the institution and on the personal work programme undertaken.

Content: The placement period consists of 6 months, undertaken in an establishment, in the UK or abroad. The establishments include government-funded research institutes, commercial research establishments, public health laboratories, agricultural, food science and educational establishments. The majority of placements involve laboratory and/or field experimentation. A small number involve administrative and/or journalistic activities.

BIOL0076: Research project

Semester 1

Credits: 18

Level: Undergraduate Masters

Assessment: RP100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To develop skills in planning and undertaking a scientific investigation in biochemistry at the level of advanced research. After taking this course the students should be able to undertake research at the advanced level, interpret the results and report the outcome.

Content: All stages are undertaken under the guidance of an academic supervisor. The planning stage involves defining the problem and devising an appropriate strategy to investigate it within constraints of time and resources. Risk assessment. Investigation stage involves the acquisition of (usually) quantitative data. Experimental design. Carrying out quantitative techniques, evaluating sources of error. The analysis and interpretation stage involves the use of appropriate statistical techniques and the evaluation of results in relation to published work. The final phase is to communicate the outcome of the project in the form of a written report.

BIOL0076: Research project

Semester 2

Credits: 18

Level: Undergraduate Masters

Assessment: RP100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To develop skills in planning and undertaking a scientific investigation in biochemistry at the level of advanced research. After taking this course the students should be able to undertake research at the advanced level, interpret the results and report the outcome.

Content: All stages are undertaken under the guidance of an academic supervisor. The planning stage involves defining the problem and devising an appropriate strategy to investigate it within constraints of time and resources. Risk assessment. Investigation stage involves the acquisition of (usually) quantitative data. Experimental design. Carrying out quantitative techniques, evaluating sources of error. The analysis and interpretation stage involves the use of appropriate statistical techniques and the evaluation of results in relation to published work. The final phase is to communicate the outcome of the project in the form of a written report.

BIOL0077: Molecular evolution

Semester 2

Credits: 3

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX100

Requisites: Pre BIOL0046, Pre BIOL0055

Aims & Learning Objectives: This course has been designed to draw on the wealth of biochemical and molecular biological information that the students have accumulated over the previous years of their course. The revolution in molecular biology has created an enormous data base of sequences and correlations between protein structure and function; to appreciate and analyse this, it is essential to understand the principles of molecular evolution. This course aims to provide that understanding.

Content: Topics: Evolution - what is it and why study it? Chemical evolution and the origin of life. The RNA world. Genome evolution. Evolution of proteins: gene duplication, mutation and divergence, adaptation and selection. Construction of pylogenetic trees.

BIOL0078: Biotechnology

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX80 CW20

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the principles and practice of advanced Biotechnology as described by industrial speakers. After taking this course the students should be able to: Give an account of how Biochemistry relates to Biotechnology in animal cell culture; Describe the commercial use of extremophiles; Understand therapeutic use of biopharmaceuticals; Describe approaches to vaccine development and account for the world wide implications of Biotechnology.

Content: Animal cell culture, extremophiles, biopharmaceutical production, vaccine development, clinical diagnostics, biosensors, viral products, computer aided drug design.

BIOL0079: Clinical biochemistry

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX80 CW20

Requisites: Pre BIOL0006

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the principles of biochemistry as applied to medicine. After taking this course the students should be able to: understand the molecular biology and appreciate the medical significance of various congenital and other defects in humans: give an account of the biochemical aspects of cystic fibrosis; abnormalities of post absorbtive blood sugar, glycogen storage diseases, plasma lipids.

Content: Topics: ion channels, metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

BIOL0080: Pathogenesis

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: CW100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the molecular details of pathogenesis by a variety of microbes and to identify targets for drug therapy. After taking this course students should be able to: understand common mechanisms used viruses, bacteria and parasites to attach/invade mammalian cells' connect the characterisation of diseases with the molecular mechanism of infection; understand potential targets for intervention and drug treatment.

Content: Molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in: influenza viruses, retroviruses, hepatitis, malaria, trypanasomiosis, leishmania, cholera, a range of disease causing bacteria. Mechanisms of host cell attachment, invasion, replication, infection. Methods of therapy and targets for drug design.

BIOL0081: Biochemical ethics

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: CW100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the ethical issues that arise from advances in the life sciences. After taking this course the student should be able to: Give quantitative interpretation of advanced techniques which are ethical concern; Provide balanced argument for a particular ethical stance.

Content: Biochemical heretics, AIDS controversy, rights to genetic knowledge; embryo research, artificial chromosomes, gene therapy, genetic counselling scientific misconduct, cell transplants.

BIOL0082: Neurochemistry option

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX78 CW20 ES2

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To gain an insight into current topics and controversies in the neurosciences,

* To acquire knowledge of neurological and psychiatric diseases, with reference to underlying neurochemical dysfunctions and potential therapies;

* To develop presentation and discussion skills.

Content: Topics selected from: BASIC NEUROSCIENCE

* exocytosis and synaptic transmission

* molecular and cellular mechanisms in neuronal growth and development

* sensory systems (taste, olfaction, auditory mechanisms)

* sleep and dreaming

* cortical processing (vision, language) and consciousness

CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE

* Alzheimers disease

* Parkinsons disease

* Huntingdons chorea

* Epilepsy

* Multiple sclerosis

* Jacob Creutzfelt

* Stroke

* HIV dementia

* Depression

* Schizophrenia

* Anxiety / Panic

BIOL0083: Enzymes in biotechnology & medicine

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: ES100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To use enzymological information to explore biotechnology and medicine.

Content: Enzyme engineering; electro-enzymology and biosensors; enzyme chaperones; enzymes in organic solvents; pepzymes; clinical enzymolgy; enzyme therapy; enzymes as target for drugs; catalytic antibodies.

BIOL0084: Cell biochemistry

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: CW70 ES30

Requisites: Pre BIOL0019, or Pre BIOL0024

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide experience in the preparation and presentation of seminars. To encourage students to think critically about the current state of knowledge of biochemical processes within eukaryotic cells.

After taking this course students should be able to : prepare and present a 40 minute seminar on an advanced area of cell biology; critically assess recent scientific literature; prepare a research proposal to address areas of ignorance.

Content: Signalling molecules, signalling proteins, cell structure and organisation, cell compartmentalisation.

BIOL0085: Medical option

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: CW100

Requisites: Pre BIOL0004

Aims & Learning Objectives: Aims: To generate an understanding of the extent to which Biochemical knowledge influences current clinical practice and therapeutic approaches. After taking the course, the student should be able to: appreciate the increasing contribution of biochemical science to drug design and to the day to day activities in both hospital and general clinical practice. He/she should also have a knowledge of the areas of biochemical research that are most relevant to clinical medicine.

Content: A series of lectures/discussions will be led by invited clinicians from Regional Hospitals in the Bath and Bristol area. The specialists will discuss their clinical and related research areas and stress the extent of the foundation of their work on basic science. In a second aspect of the Option, students will prepare and present a 30 min talk on a particular area of clinical biochemistry, chosen, in general, from a list provided by the Option organiser. The talks will be followed by general discussion. Contributions of students to both their own talk and discussion of others will be assessed.

BIOL0086: Molecular immunology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: CW100

Requisites: Pre BIOL0004, or Pre BIOL0024

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the principles of particular aspects of Molecular immunology. After taking this course the student should be able to: Give qualitative interpretation and description of the human immune systems; show how this system breaks down to give various disease states; show how the immune system can be used in therapy.

Content: Antigen processing and presentation, T cell receptors and receptor complexes, cell adhesion, self tolerance, allergic reactions, autoimmunity, antibody engineering, therapeutic antibodies, catalytic antibodies, cancer vaccines.

BIOL0087: Vaccines options

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: CW100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand how recent advances in knowledge about the viral and microbial factors required for virulence and the immune response to infection are now leading to the development of new vaccines based on rational design.

Content: Historical vaccines and eradication of smallpox and polio; diphtheria, tetanus and cholera vaccines; subunit vaccines against pertussis and meningococcal disease; malarial vaccines; possibilities synthetic peptides, chimeric antigens, vaccinia virus recombinants and anti-iodiotype antibodies as novel vaccines; mode of action and different types of adjuvants i.e. depots, emulsions, cell-wall components and liposomes. Specialised seminars presented by invited speakers and participating students.

BIOL0091: Data interpretation in molecular & cell biology

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 3

Assessment: EX100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide experience of the interpretation of molecular and cellular biological data.

After taking this course the student should be able to:

Understand and interpret information on biological phenomena, using quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (text or image) sources. Make logical statements and reach sound conclusions from biological data. Be aware of the limits of interpretation and be capable of selecting suitable statistical tests. Be able to interpret the outcome of a statistical test on biological data.

Content: The course comprises a series of assignments and problems which are undertaken by the students and then analysed and discussed in weekly workshops. Using examples which illustrate different types of molecular and cellular biological information, the course covers the interpretation of gels and autoradiographs as well as simple data sets, data transformation, graphical presentation, interpretation of trends. As far as possible, the examples are drawn from molecular and cellular biology.

BIOL0093: Practical microbial genetics

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: OR70 PR30

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide practical experience of the use of advanced microbial genetics techniques.

After taking this course the student should be able to: organise working in a pair on two mini-projects; plan their own time schedule; make their own materials in advance for the growth and selection of cells; convert written protocols into practically designed experiments; perform good aseptic technique; make comprehensive and accurate records of their work; critically evaluate their own microbial genetics data; understand the theoretical basis of the experiments they have performed; interpret their results in relation to expected outcomes.

Content: Interrupted mating experiment in Escherichia coli; bacterial conjugation and transposition; resistance factor plasmid transfer; transduction with bacteriophage lambda; genetics of lactose operon; Luria and Delbruck fluctuation experiment with yeast mutants; gene expression following mating in E. coli.

BIOL0094: Professional training placement 2

Semester 2

Credits: 30

Level: Level 2

Assessment: OT100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: The placement period aims to provide experience of the application of Biological Science in the world. By the end of the placement year, the student should be able: To take individual responsibility for a piece of work within an agreed programme; To organise a personal work schedule, including setting of targets and objectives; To carry out practical work accurately and to appropriate specifications; To take the necessary steps to learn a new technique; To analyse, interpret and report scientific information; To produce a substantial report on the institution and on the personal work programme undertaken.

Content: The placement period consists of 6 months, undertaken in an establishment, in the UK or abroad. The establishments include government-funded research institutes, commercial research establishments, public health laboratories, agricultural, food science and educational establishments. The majority of placements involve laboratory and/or field experimentation. A small number involve administrative and/or journalistic activities.

BIOL0095: Advanced presentations

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Undergraduate Masters

Assessment: CW100

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To give each student experience in the presentation of scientific data to international standards. After taking this course the student should be able to present research communications to Biochemical Society Standards.

CHEY0007: General chemistry

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX65 PR25 CW10

Requisites: Co CHEY0008, Ex CHEY0001, Ex CHEY0002, Ex CHEY0003, Ex CHEY0004, Ex CHEY0010, Ex CHEY0011, Ex CHEY0012

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide a broad introduction to the principles governing chemical reactivity and to illustrate these with a range of examples. At the end of the course students should be able to analyse experimental data and classify reactions. To establish the need for theories which explain structure and bonding in compounds and how they can be used to rationalise reaction and structural chemistry.

Content: Introduction to thermodynamics and kinetics with a range of case-study examples to illustrate how the basic principles can be applied to real reactions. Chemical equilibria and coupled reactions. An introduction to atomic and molecular structure and bonding in compounds and how this is used to explain trends in structure and reactivity across the Periodic Table.

Students must have A-level Chemistry to undertake this unit.

CHEY0008: Introductory organic chemistry

Semester 1

Credits: 6

Level: Level 1

Assessment: EX65 PR25 CW10

Requisites: Co CHEY0007, Ex CHEY0001, Ex CHEY0002, Ex CHEY0003, Ex CHEY0004, Ex CHEY0009, Ex CHEY0010, Ex CHEY0011, Ex CHEY0012

Aims & Learning Objectives: To provide an introduction to the subject of organic chemistry as a basis for understanding molecular processes affecting other areas of sciences, with reference to the themes of structure and bonding, reactivity, mechanism and synthesis.

Content: Structure and bonding: Lewis theory, formal charge; resonance; hybridization conformation, configuration, chirality. Reactivity: chemistry of functional groups including alkanes, alkenes, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, thiols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, acyl halides, thioesters, amides, amines; aromatics.

Mechanism: energy profiles, heterolyis, homolysis, acidity, basicity, nucleophilicity, electrophilicity, electrophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution, elimination; nucleophilic addition/elimination, electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution, kinetic vs. thermodynamic control.

Students must have A-level Chemistry to undertake this unit.

MATH0108: Statistics

Semester 2

Credits: 6

Level: Level 2

Assessment: EX50 CW50

Requisites:

Aims & Learning Objectives: To understand the principles of statistics as applied to Biological problems. After the course students should be able to: Give quantitative interpretation of Biological data.

Content: Topics: Random variation, frequency distributions, graphical techniques, measures of average and variability. Discrete probability models - binomial, poisson. Continuous probability model - normal distribution. Poisson and normal approximations to binomial sampling theory. Estimation, confidence intervals. Chi-squared tests for goodness of fit and contingency tables. One sample and two sample tests. Paired comparisons. Confidence interval and tests for proportions. Least squares straight line. Prediction. Correlation

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Biology and Biochemistry Programme Catalogue

Programme / Unit Catalogue 1997/98