Fractured lily leaf showing surface spines and fractured vein (lower middle of image)

Surface of passion flower leaf showing leaf spines used to deter butterfly caterpillars from eating the leaf. Open stomata are seen as white oval structures between the veins.

Surface of wheat leaf showing stomata in two rows (top & middle). Two spines are seen at bottom of image. Fungus growing on the leaf surface is seen as thin white threads spanning surface cells.

Grass leaf surface showing ridges made up of different sized cells - those at base of ridge being smaller than those at the top.