Guide to
the manuscript papers of British scientists: B
ACCESS ARRANGEMENTS
The collections described in this
guide have been catalogued by the Unit and subsequently deposited in libraries
and archives throughout the UK.
Inclusion in this guide does
not imply that all the material in the collections will be available for
research; there are restrictions on access to items in many of the collections
and researchers should always consult the repository before planning a
visit.
Most of the catalogues
compiled by the Unit can now be viewed online through the Access to Archives
website at the National Archives (www.a2a.org.uk). Direct links to the catalogues are being
added from this Guide. To view
the full-text catalogue, please click on the link under Finding Aid. Note, some catalogues are very extensive and
may take a few moments to download. An indication of the size of the file is
provided.
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BACON, Francis Thomas (1904-1992),
engineer
BADEN-POWELL, Donald Ferlys Wilson. See POWELL, Donald Ferlys Wilson BADEN-
BAGNOLD, Ralph Alger (1896-1990), geophysicist
BAILEY, Kenneth (1909-1963), biochemist
BAKER, John Randal (1900-1984), cytologist
BALDWIN, Ernest Hubert Francis (1909-1969),
biochemist
BARTLETT, Sir Frederic Charles (1886-1969),
psychologist
BATES, John A.V. (1918-1993), physiologist
BATES, Leslie Fleetwood (1897-1978), physicist
BAWDEN, Sir Frederick Charles (1908-1970, plant
pathologist, biomathematician and biochemist
BEAVER, Sir Hugh Eyre Campbell (1890-1967),
engineer
BENJAMIN, Thomas Brooke (1929-1995),
mathematician
BLACK,
Joseph (1921-2001), engineer
BLACKETT, Patrick Maynard Stuart,
Baron Blackett of Chelsea (1897-1974), physicist, science policy
BLACKMAN, Geoffrey Emett
(1903-1980), agronomist
|
BOHM, David Joseph (1917-1992), physicist.
BOOT, Henry Albert Howard (1917-1983), physicist
BOWDEN, Keith Frederick (1936-1982), computer
scientist
BOWEN, Edmund John (1898-1980), chemist, historian
of science
BRETSCHER, Egon (1901-1973), chemist, nuclear
physicist
British Association Mathematical Tables Committee
(1871-1948)
BROWN,
Robert Hanbury (1916-2002), astronomer.
BRYCE, Alexander Graham (1890-1968), thoracic
surgeon, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland
BULLARD, Sir Edward Crisp (1907-1980),
geophysicist
BURCH, Cecil Reginald (1901-1983), physicist and
engineer
BURHOP, Eric Henry Stoneley (1911-1980),
physicist
BURN, Joshua Harold (1892-1981),
pharmacologist
BUTTERFIELD, William John
Hughes, Baron Butterfield (1920-2000),
medical researcher and administrator
|
Bacon, Francis Thomas, 1904-1992. Engineer and fuel
cell pioneer.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge.
Reference code: GB 0014 BACN
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Francis Thomas Bacon 1904-1992
Dates
of creation of material: 1917-1993
Extent:
150 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bacon was born at Ramsden
Hall, Billericay, Essex on 21 December 1904. He
was educated at Eton College 1918-1922, specialising in science and
winning the Moseley Physics Prize in 1922 and at Trinity
College, Cambridge obtaining a third class in the
Mechanical Sciences Tripos in 1925. He served an apprenticeship at C.A. Parsons
& Co. Ltd, Heaton Works, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1925-1928, subsequently
working in the Searchlight Reflector and Research and Development Departments
at Parsons, 1928-1940. It was while at Parsons in 1932 that he first came to
appreciate the potential of the fuel cell, setting himself the task of carrying
out the practical engineering to prepare the way for the fuel cell to be
considered for commercial application. In 1940-1941 he was able to start
full-time work on the hydrogen oxygen fuel cell at King's College London with
the financial support of the consulting engineers Merz and McLellan. From 1941
to 1946 he was temporary experimental officer at H.M. Anti-Submarine
Experimental Establishment, Fairlie, Ayrshire, working on ASDIC, the underwater
submarine detection system.
In 1946 he resumed experimental work on the
hydrogen oxygen fuel cell at Cambridge
University, first in the
Department of Colloid Science, then in the Department of Metallurgy and from
1951 to 1956 in the Department of Chemical Engineering. This work was supported
financially by the Electrical Research Association (ERA). In 1956 Bacon became
consultant to the National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) undertaking
fuel cell development work at the Cambridge
engineering firm Marshalls where a 6kW forty cell battery unit was demonstrated
in August 1959. From 1962 to 1971 he was principal consultant to Energy
Conversion Ltd (ECL), the first British effort to manufacture fuel cells. From
1971 to 1973 he was Consultant on Fuel Cells to Fuel Cells Ltd, at the Atomic
Energy Research Establishment, Harwell. In 1973 he retired though he continued
to follow the development of fuel cells very closely for the rest of his life.
Although Bacon hoped to see the adoption of a
high efficiency/low pollution fuel cell in everyday applications such as
transport, it was in the unforeseen application of space exploration that the
Bacon cell achieved its most notable success in his life time. In the USA
the Pratt and Whitney Division of United Aircraft took out a licence on the
Bacon patents and used the concept of the Bacon cell in a successful bid to
provide electrical power for the Apollo moonshot. The fuel cells operated
successfully in space applications, providing electricity for the functioning
of systems and the production of drinking water, so that Bacon's pioneering
work may be considered an essential prerequisite of the Apollo programme
Bacon was elected FRS in 1973 and became an
initial Fellow of the Fellowship of Engineering in 1976. He died in 1992.
See K.R. Williams, 'Francis Thomas Bacon', Biographical
Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol. 39, 3-18 (1994).
Custodial history
The papers were received from
Churchill Archives Centre in 1994. Returned to Churchill Archives Centre
1997.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
Biographical material
includes obituaries, curricula vitae, articles about Bacon and press-cuttings.
His fuel cell career is represented by agreements between Bacon and Merz and
McLellan, the NRDC and ECL and his honours and awards by the election to the
Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1973 and the NASA Award for Scientific and
Technical Contribution in 1976. Also of interest are school notebooks from Eton College
including a 'Science Notes' notebook used by his elder brother A.W. Bacon in
1917 and subsequently by Bacon for notes of work at C.A. Parsons Ltd 1930-1931.
Fuel cell research and development papers are
exceptional in extent and comprehensiveness and document the successive stages
of Bacon’s involvement: Parsons and early fuel cell research, Electrical
Research Association/Cambridge University, NRDC/Marshalls of Cambridge, Energy
Conversion Ltd, and his continuing interest in fuel cell research and
development after his formal retirement. There are also a relatively few papers
from the 1930s which relate to his work at Parsons and are not concerned with
fuel cells. Bacon's publications, lectures and broadcasts are represented by a
chronological sequence of drafts, 1953-1984 and his publications correspondence
files, 1952-1991. There is also material relating to patent applications,
1949-1967. There is documentation of eight societies and organisations with
which Bacon was associated including the Electrochemical Society and the Royal
Society. The Electrochemical Society papers principally relate to its Spring
meeting in Seattle
1978 at which Bacon received the Society's Vittorio de Nora - Diamond Shamrock
Award and delivered the Award Address. Much of the Royal Society material
relates to Bacon's 1973 Review Lecture on the Development and Practical
Application of Fuel Cells.
There is visits and conferences material,
1956-1984, which record Bacon's participation as speaker at a number of
international conferences and a series of visits to the USA which included
visits to centres of fuel cell research and development. Bacon's fuel cell
correspondence covers an exceptionally extended period 1933-1991. Although
Bacon kept correspondence files for a small number of named individuals such as
the Cambridge University authority on metallic
corrosion U.R. Evans, and fuel cell associates T.M. Fry and R.G.H. Watson, most
of the correspondence was kept in three major chronological sequences: 'fuel
cell' correspondence 1933-1991, 'personal' correspondence, 1952-1991, and
'miscellaneous' correspondence, 1953-1975. The 'personal' and 'miscellaneous'
correspondence sequences also relate to Bacon's fuel cell interests. Although
for long periods Bacon wrote most of his letters by hand, even when writing by
hand he made carbon copies and thus his correspondence is unusually
complete. There are photographs of Bacon
himself, 1950s-1991, photographs of fuel cell equipment from the late 1950s and
a film relating to the demonstration of the 6kW forty cell battery in August
1959.
Arrangement
By section as follows:
Biographical, Research and development, Lectures and publications, Patents,
Societies and organisations, Visits and conferences, Correspondence, Non-print
material. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: Readers intending
to use the Archives Centre must write in advance to the Keeper of the Archives
giving details of their research subject and listing the collections they will
wish to consult. New readers should also provide a letter of introduction and
some form of identification (such as a passport or driving licence).
Finding aid: Printed
catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Francis Thomas Bacon: NCUACS
catalogue no. 68/6/97, 207 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath.
Link to
catalogue ¯ (a2a)
ALLIED MATERIALS
In same repository
Additional material deposited
by Mrs Vivian-Neal, 12 December 2000: further biographical material
including pocket diaries 1929-1939 and 1945-1969. Rolls of technical
drawings 1938-1939.
Additional material deposited by Mr Edward
Bacon, 13 February 2002: further material including photographs of Bacon and
scientific equipment and apparatus relating to his research.
5
Bagnold, Brigadier Ralph Alger, 1896-1990. Soldier, explorer, geophysicist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge.
Reference code: GB 0014 BGND
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Brigadier Ralph Alger Bagnold, 1896-1990
Dates
of creation of material: 1896-1991
Extent:
12 boxes + plan chest
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bagnold was educated at Malvern College
and the Royal Military Academy,
Woolwich, and was commissioned in the Royal Engineers with the rank of 2nd
Lieutenant in 1915. After First World War service he returned to England in 1919 to study at Gonville and Caius College
for the Cambridge Engineering Tripos, resuming his army career in 1921. A
posting in Egypt,
1926-1928, instilled in him a fascination with desert exploration. He went on
expeditions with fellow officers into Sinai, Transjordan and the Libyan Desert
and returned to North Africa to lead
expeditions in 1929, 1930 and 1932. In 1934 Bagnold received the Gold Medal of
the Royal Geographical Society and in 1935 recounted his desert expeditions in Libyan
Sands. Travel in a dead world. During these expeditions Bagnold became
interested in the physics behind the creation and movement of sand dunes. On
his retirement from the army in 1935 he began scientific research at Imperial College,
London using a
home-made wind tunnel. This work culminated in Bagnold’s 1941 monograph The
physics of blown sand and desert dunes.
At the outbreak of the Second World War
Bagnold was recalled to the army and in 1940, with General Wavell's support, he
founded the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG), a small motorised force which
undertook reconnaissance and raids deep into enemy-held territory. Bagnold
received the OBE (Military) for the part he played in establishing the Group
and was later promoted to Brigadier. Bagnold returned to England in
1944. In 1947 he became Director of Research of the Shell Refining and
Marketing Company. He resigned in 1949 to concentrate on research at Imperial College,
London into the
transport of solids by a stream of water. This led to collaborative work with
L.B. Leopold, Head of the Water Resources Division of the US Geological Survey,
on the annual rate at which rivers transport solids. He remained an authority
on the transport of blown sand and in 1977 was invited by NASA to be key-note
speaker at a meeting on the desert landscapes of Earth and Mars. In later years
Bagnold also studied patterns of random distributions, work which had its
origins in observations made in 1927. He was elected FRS in 1944.
See R.A. Bagnold Sun, Wind, War and Water
(University of Arizona Press, 1991) and R.A. Bagnold Libyan Sands. Travel in
a Dead World.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1991-1992
from Mr S.C. Bagnold, son. Placed in Churchill Archives Centre 1992.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers document Bagnold's
career as a desert explorer, soldier and scientist. There is good documentation
of Bagnold's early explorations in the Middle East
and North Africa, 1926-1932. Scientific research is less well documented; most
of the surviving material dates from after the Second World War and the later
research on random distributions is the best represented. The Long Range Desert
Group papers were assembled by Bagnold for a projected history of the Group and
include original instructions for and reports of many operations and draft
chapters of a 'war diary and narrative'. There are many maps relating to First
World War service, desert exploration and the LRDG. The papers also include
Bagnold's autobiography (posthumously published by the University of Arizona
Press), childhood letters to his family from school and, of special interest, a
1928 letter to Bagnold from T.E. Lawrence ('Lawrence of Arabia').
Arrangement:
By section as follows:
Biographical, Expeditions and research, Long Range Desert Group, Maps,
Photographs. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: Readers intending
to use the Archives Centre must write in advance to the Keeper of the Archives
giving details of their research subject and listing the collections they will
wish to consult. New readers should also provide a letter of introduction and
some form of identification (such as a passport or driving licence).
Finding aids: Printed
catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Brigadier Ralph Alger Bagnold:
NCUACS catalogue no. 35/3/92, 61pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath
Link to catalogue ¯ (a2a)
ALLIED MATERIALS
In other repositories
Bagnold’s family retain
a First World War narrative and photograph albums and the papers of Bagnold's
grandfather Major General Michael Edward Bagnold (1787-1857), his great uncle
Captain Thomas Maxwell Bagnold RN (1780-1848) and his father Colonel Arthur
Henry Bagnold (1854-1943).
Bagnold’s scientific correspondence
with L.B. Leopold forms part of the Leopold papers in the American
Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia.
Bagnold’s observations of positions,
routes, heights in Egypt,
1929 are in the Archives of the Royal Geographical Society, London. Observations file no.123.
5
Bailey, Kenneth, 1909-1963. Biochemist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Cambridge University Library. Reference code: GB
0012 CUL Add MS 8723
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Kenneth Bailey, 1909-1963.
Dates
of creation of material: 1955-1965.
Extent:
18 items (1 packet)
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bailey was born at Alsager's
Bank near Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire and educated at Orme's Boys School,
Newcastle-under-Lyme and Birmingham
University where he took
the course on 'Biochemistry of fermentation' and embarked on research on
carbohydrate biochemistry with R.H. Hopkins. In 1933 he was awarded a Beit
Scientific Research Fellowship at Imperial
College, London where he began a long association with
A.C. Chibnall and developed research
interests in protein biochemistry. It was at this time he became acquainted
with W.T. Astbury, an important scientific
collaborator. His contributions to protein and especially muscle biochemistry
were increasingly recognised in the years after the Second World War. In 1948
he was elected to a Fellowship at Trinity
College, Cambridge
and appointed Assistant Director of Research and in 1961 he was appointed
University Reader in Biochemistry at Cambridge.
He was elected FRS in 1953.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in
1988 from Professor S.V. Perry. Placed in Cambridge University
Library in 1988.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The material is almost
exclusively correspondence concerning the last few years of Bailey's life.
Although of considerable biographical interest, it does not reflect his
scientific achievement.
Arrangement
See Scope and contents. The
material is not sectionalised.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: Access to holders
of full Reader's Tickets for Cambridge University Library.
Finding aids: Printed
catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Kenneth Bailey: NCUACS catalogue
no. 4/3/88, 12 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath.
Link to
catalogue ¯ (a2a)
5
Baker, John Randal, 1900-1984. Cytologist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository: Bodleian
Library, Oxford. Reference code: GB 0161 J.R. Baker papers
Title: Papers and
correspondence of John Randal Baker, 1900-1984.
Dates of creation of
material: ca 1920-1981.
Extent: 63 boxes.
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Baker was born in Woodbridge, Suffolk and
educated at Boxgrove School, Guildford and New
College, Oxford where he read zoology. He became
Demonstrator in Zoology at Oxford
in 1923 and Reader in Cytology in 1955. He took part in several scientific
expeditions to the New Hebrides in 1922, 1927 and 1933 and to Ceylon in 1937.
In 1940 he founded with M. Polanyi and A.G. Tansley the Society for Freedom in
Science which he served as secretary and treasurer for the next twenty-two
years. Baker's principal research interests were sexual physiology including
pioneering work on contraception, cytology, and in his later years historical
and anthropological studies. He was elected FRS in 1958.
See E.N. Wilmer and P.C.J. Brunet, 'John
Randal Baker', Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society vol
31 (1985), 31-64.
Custodial history
Original material received
for cataloguing in 1977 from Baker. Placed in Bodleian Library (Gift)
1979.
Supplementary material received for
cataloguing in 1985 from Baker's family. Placed in Bodleian Library (Gift)
1986.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
Original material: The papers
consist almost entirely of Baker's laboratory research, teaching material and
lectures at Oxford
University on cytology,
histochemistry, and microscopy and microtechnique.
Supplementary material: The supplementary
papers include research material reflecting his interests in microscopy,
chemical contraception, scientific biography (Abraham Trembley of Geneva) and the humane
killing of crustacea. The most extensive records relate to anthropology and
race, the main interest of Baker's later years, with considerable documentation
for his book Race published in 1974 by Oxford University Press.
Correspondence about the Society for
Freedom in Science, which Baker founded with Polanyi and Tansley, does not form
part of the original or supplementary papers.
Arrangement
Original material: By section
as follows: Research and lectures 1928-1969 on cytology, Research and lectures
1928-1969 on histochemistry, Research and lectures 1928-1969 on microscopy and
microtechnique, Publication.
Supplementary material: By section as
follows: Research and publications, Anthropology and Race, Correspondence,
Biographical. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: Entry permitted only
on presentation of a valid reader's card or an Oxford University Card
displaying the Bodleian logo. All applicants for new or replacement cards must
apply in person, with a recommendation and payment if required, and with proof
of their identity. Certain items not
available for 30 or 50 years from date of writing.
Language: English
Finding aids: Printed
Catalogues of papers and correspondence of J.R. Baker: CSAC catalogue no.
69/7/79, 25 pp and CSAC supplementary catalogue no. 114/5/86, 48 pp.
Copies available from NCUACS, University
of Bath
ALLIED MATERIALS
In other repositories
Diaries and other material
relating to scientific expeditions to the New Hebrides
in the 1920s and 1930s are retained by Baker's family.
Index cards used by Baker in respect of his
work on anthropology and race are preserved at the Wellcome Unit for the
History of Medicine, Oxford.
5
Baldwin, Ernest Hubert Francis, 1909-1969.
Biochemist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository: Library, University College
London. Reference code: GB 0103 E.H.F. Baldwin
Title: Papers and
correspondence of Ernest Hubert Francis Baldwin, 1909-1969
Dates of creation of
material: 1926-1983
Extent: 18 boxes, 1
outsize folder
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Baldwin was born on 29 March
1909 in Gloucester.
He was educated at the Crypt Grammar School, Gloucester,
1920-1928 and St. John's College, Cambridge,
graduating with a first class degree in both parts of the Natural Science
Tripos (Part ll Biochemistry). Baldwin then began postgraduate research at the
Biochemistry Department at Cambridge,
receiving his Ph.D. in 1934 for 'Some comparative studies on phosphagen'. He
was a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge,
1936-1941, Demonstrator in Biochemistry, 1936-1943, working under F.G. Hopkins,
and in 1943 became a Lecturer in the Biochemistry Department. On 1 January 1950
Baldwin was appointed to the Chair of
Biochemistry at University College London (UCL), a position he held until his
death in 1969.
Baldwin's principal research interest was comparative
biochemistry. Although his early research was chiefly carried out at Cambridge, in the 1930s he also worked for periods at
marine biological stations in France
and at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Plymouth. He undertook a series of
investigations of the pharmacology and physiology of Ascaris lumbricoides,
1940-1949 and carried out research into the phosphagen of the invertebrates at
the Marine Biological Laboratories at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, June-August 1948. After his
move to University College London, his principal research interests were in the
comparative biochemistry of nitrogen metabolism as well as water shortage
effects on the ureotelic metabolism and during a period as Visiting Professor
at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
in 1956-1957 he carried out research on ureogenesis in elasmobranch fishes. An
important contribution to the development of biochemistry was his role as
organiser of the First International Congress of Biochemistry in Cambridge in 1949 (Joint
Honorary Secretary of the Congress and member of the Congress and Executive
Committees).
His reputation as an educator was one of the
principal reasons for his appointment to the Chair of Biochemistry at UCL in
1950. Here Baldwin established the first
undergraduate biochemistry course at the College and orientated the
biochemistry department as a branch of biological rather than chemical science.
Baldwin is remembered chiefly as a
communicator and he was the author of a number of influential books on
biochemistry, An Introduction to Comparative Biochemistry (1937),
Dynamic Aspects of Biochemistry (1947), and The Nature of Biochemistry
(1962).
Custodial history
Original material: Received
for cataloguing in April 1997 from Mrs Nicola Milligan, daughter through the
good offices of Dr R.W.A. Oliver, Honorary Archivist of the Biochemical
Society. Placed in University
College 1997.
Supplementary material: Received for
cataloguing in December 1997 from Mrs Milligan through the good offices of Dr
Oliver. Placed in University
College 1997.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
Original material:
Biographical papers document Baldwin's
academic career from 1934 onwards including his appointment to the Chair of Biochemistry
at UCL in 1950. The principal sequence of correspondence in the collection,
1951-1968 is described by Baldwin as personal
correspondence but includes exchanges with scientific colleagues. There is
significant documentation of Baldwin's
research, especially in notebook form. The earliest notebooks, 1930-1933,
include material documenting Baldwin's work at Cambridge with D.M.M. Needham, J. Needham and
J. Yudkin, a continuous sequence of ten notebooks document research, 1934-1948
and there are also notebooks kept at Woods Hole during 1948 and at Scripps in
1956-1957. Extensive publications, lectures and broadcasts material illustrates
Baldwin's role as writer and lecturer on
biochemical matters and there are drafts and correspondence relating to his principal
biochemical texts such as Dynamic Aspects of Biochemistry and The
Nature of Biochemistry. There is also documentation relating to public and
invitation lectures and extensive teaching material prepared for his
biochemistry courses at Cambridge
and UCL. These show signs of revision and rearrangement and there is evidence
that they were used in the preparation of some of Baldwin's
books. Visits and conferences material covers the period 1948 to 1965, much of
it documenting Baldwin's visits to the USA to attend conferences, give
lectures at academic institutions, undertake research and take up visiting
professorships. A little printed material also survives for the First
International Congress of Biochemistry at Cambridge
in 1949.
Supplementary material: Biographical material
includes documentation of the award of the 1952 Cortina Ulisse Prize by
Edizioni Scientifiche Einaudi for the Italian edition of Baldwin's
Dynamical aspects of biochemistry. Photographic materials includes two
photograph albums recording the visit to Italy during which he received the
Cortina Ulisse award and a group photograph of the participants at the Third
International Congress for Experimental Cytology which was held at Cambridge in
1933. There is a little further material relating to Baldwin's
classic biochemical texts especially royalty statements. Visits and conferences
material includes Baldwin's notes of his 1955 visit to the USSR for the All-Union Congress of Physiologists
and Biochemists held in Kiev.
There is also additional material relating to Baldwin's Visiting Professorships
in the USA for 1956-1957
(Scripps Institution of Oceanography) and 1965 (University of Kansas).
Arrangement
By section as follows:
Biographical, Research, Publications, lectures and broadcasts, Visits and
conferences. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: Appointment
required. Admission is by UCL ID and/or by completing a reader
application form.
Finding aids: Printed
Catalogues of the papers and correspondence of Ernest Hubert Francis Baldwin:
NCUACS catalogue no. 67/5/97, 78 pp and NCUACS supplementary catalogue no.
74/3/98, 20 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath.
Links to catalogues
(a2a): original ¯, and
supplement ¯
5
Bartlett, Sir Frederic Charles, 1886-1969. Knight. Experimental
psychologist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository: Cambridge University Library. Reference code: GB
0012 CUL Add. MS 8076
Title: Papers and
correspondence of Sir Frederic Charles Bartlett, 1886-1969.
Dates of creation of
material: ca 1906-1966.
Extent: 3 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bartlett was born in
Stow-on-the-Wold, Gloucestershire and educated at home and London University
where he read philosophy graduating in 1909 with first class honours and
received an M.A. two years later with special distinction in sociology and
ethics. He then moved to St John's College, Cambridge
where he read for the Moral Sciences Tripos, 1911-1914, graduating with first
class honours. He made his career at Cambridge
University, being
appointed successively Assistant Director, 1914-1922, and Director, 1922-1952,
of the Psychological Laboratory and eventually the University's first Professor
of Experimental Psychology, 1931-1952. Bartlett
was editor of British Journal of Psychology, 1924-1948. He was
interested in problems of perception and memory and the development of skill
and training (including work with K.J.W. Craik during the Second World War). He
lectured regularly on social psychology at Cambridge University
in the 1930s. He was elected FRS in 1932 (Royal Medal 1952) and knighted in
1948.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1974 from Lady Bartlett,
widow. Placed in Cambridge
University Library 1975.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers include notebooks
of experiments on sensory perception, 1913-1914, association tests, 1914-1915,
and memory, 1916-1917, manuscript lectures including lectures given in Cambridge in the 1930s on
social psychology, draft publications, and reports on the work of the
Psychological Laboratory. There is almost no surviving correspondence.
Arrangement:
By section as follows:
Notebooks, Lectures and reports, Publications, University of Cambridge.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: Access to holders
of full Reader's Tickets for Cambridge University LIbrary.
Finding aids: Printed
Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Sir Frederic Charles Bartlett:
CSAC catalogue no. 36/13/75. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath.
Link to catalogue ¯ (a2a)
5
Bates, John A.V., 1918-1993. Physiologist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository: Archives and
Manuscripts, Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine, London. Reference code: GB 0121 GC/179
Title: Papers and
correspondence of John A.V. Bates, 1918-1993
Dates of creation of
material: 1942-1985
Extent: 6 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bates was educated at Pembroke College,
Cambridge and went on to clinical training at University College
Hospital, London. During the Second World War he worked
on visual tracking in gunnery and control design in tanks for the Ministy of
Supply. In 1946 he joined the External Staff of the Medical Research Council
based at the Neurological Research Unit at the National
Hospital for Nervous Diseases, London, where he worked
until retirement in 1978. Bates also served as Honorary Consultant Physician to
the Department of Applied Electrophysiology at the Hospital.
Bates was a leader in the field of
neurophysiology. At the end of the Second World War, using home-made equipment
from surplus electronic parts, Bates developed specialised equipment for brain
stimulation and recording. He studied the human electroencephalogram (EEG) in
research into voluntary movement, a term he may have coined. He went on to
study the neurological effects of hemispherectomy and later collaborated with
Irving Cooper and Purdon Martin on research into Parkinson's Disease, with work
on human postural and balance mechanisms.
Bates founded the Ratio Club, a small
informal dining club of young physiologists, mathematicians and engineers who
met to discuss issues in cybernetics. The idea of the club arose from a Society
of Experimental Biology Symposium on Animal Behaviour held in Cambridge, July 1949. The initial membership
was W.R. Ashby, H. Barlow, G.D. Dawson, T. Gold, W.E. Hick, D.M. MacKay, T.
McLardy, P.A. Merton, J.W.S. Pringle, H. Shipton, D.A. Sholl, A.M. Uttley, W.G.
Walter and J. Westcott. A.M. Turing joined after the first meeting and other
other members included I.J. Good, P.A. Woodward and W.H.A. Rushton. The Club
continued in being until 1958. Bates acted as Secretary and retained many of
its historical records.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in
1995 from the Contemporary Medical Archives Centre. Returned to CMAC
1995.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The collection is small but
includes significant records of Bates's scientific research, and of the Ratio
Club. The research material comprises notebooks, and notes and correspondence.
The notebooks cover the period 1943-1971. They document wartime research and
later research topics including EEG, hemispherectomy and Parkinson's Disease,
and may also have notes and drafts for lectures and personal information. The
research notes and correspondence include wartime material relating to gunnery,
and post-war correspondence, particularly 1945-1952. The Ratio Club papers are
principally the contents of a box-file of material assembled for a possible
history of the Club. They include a chronological sequence of correspondence
and papers relating to meetings of the Club (dates, topics, possible speakers),
membership and the future direction of the Club, 1949-1955. There is also a
photograph of members of the Club and correspondence 1978 and 1984-1985 relating
to the historical records of the Ratio Club. There is some correspondence with
members of the Club mostly dating from before the Club was established or after
it was discontinued.
Arrangement
By section as follows:
Research, Ratio Club. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: By appointment
with the Archivist and after completion of a Reader's Application and
Undertaking.
Finding aids: Printed
Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of John A.V. Bates: NCUACS catalogue
no. 56/5/95, 26 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath.
5
Bates, Leslie Fleetwood, 1897-1978. Physicist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository: Nottingham University Library. Reference code: GB
0159 NOTT Bts
Title: Papers and
correspondence of Leslie Fleetwood Bates, 1897-1978.
Dates of creation of
material: 1914-1978.
Extent: 17 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bates was born in Kingswood, Bristol and educated at the Merchant Venturers' School and
Bristol University where he read physics,
graduating in 1916. He spent the next four years as a radiographer with the
British army in India,
returning in 1920 to Bristol
to pursue research. He remained at Bristol
until 1922, and it was during this period that he was introduced by A.P.
Chattock to the study of magnetism which became his main research interest for
the rest of his life. Bates then spent two years working under Rutherford at
the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge,
where he completed a Ph.D. thesis on long range alpha particles. In 1924 he was
appointed Lecturer and in 1930 Reader in Physics at University
College, London. In 1936 he became Lancashire-Spencer
Professor of Physics at Nottingham
University where he
remained until retirement in 1964. He established a thriving research group
based on his own interest in magnetism, was responsible for the building of a
large new Physics Department and was very active in general university
administration. He was elected FRS in 1950.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in
1978 from Dr Elizabeth Lautch, daughter. Placed in Nottingham University
Library 1982.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
There is very little material
in the papers from Bates's pre-Nottingham career except three notebooks from
the Bristol period and lectures delivered to
undergraduates at London, and very little
remains of Bates's actual scientific work except for the three Bristol notebooks. There is material relating
to the development of physics at Nottingham,
to the magnetism conferences of the International Union of Pure and Applied
Physics (IUPAP) which Bates usually attended and some of which he helped to
organise, and to his many services to learned societies, committees and
organisations at both national and local level. These include the Royal Society
Symbols Committee, the British Standards Institution Units and Symbols
Committee, the University Grants Committee on which he served as assessor, the
Home Office and others. There is some biographical material especially speeches
and letters of congratulation. In Bates's correspondence exchanges are both
personal and scientific, often intermixed and there are many letters from
former Nottingham students.
Arrangement
By section as follows:
Biographical and personal, Notebooks, lectures and publications, University
notebooks, Committees and societies, Conferences, Examining and education,
Correspondence. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: Accessible to all
registered readers.
Finding aid: Printed
Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Leslie Fleetwood Bates: CSAC
catalogue no. 83/1/82, 84 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath.
Link to catalogue ¯ (a2a)
5
Bawden, Sir Frederick Charles, 1908-1972. Knight.
Plant pathologist
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository: Library,
Royal Society, London.
Reference code: GB 0117 Bawden papers
Title: Papers and correspondence
of Sir Frederick Charles Bawden, 1908-1972.
Dates of creation of
material: 1934-1973.
Extent: 6.33 shelf feet
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bawden was born in North Tawton, Devon and educated at local
grammar schools and Emmanuel College, Cambridge,
1926-1930, where he read for Part I of the Natural Sciences Tripos and the
Cambridge Diploma in Agricultural Science. After graduating from Cambridge he worked as Research Assistant to R.N. Salaman
at the Potato Virus Research Institute in Cambridge.
In 1936 he moved to Rothamsted Experimental Station, Hertfordshire as Virus
Physiologist, and became successively Head of the Plant Pathology Department,
1940-1958, Deputy Director, 1950-1958, and Director from 1958 to his death.
Bawden served on many committees, and on the Council of the Royal Society of
which he was also Treasurer. He lectured and travelled widely and was
frequently invited to advise on overseas agricultural projects. He was elected
FRS in 1949 (Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1959) and knighted in 1967.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1975 from Lady Bawden,
widow. Placed in the Royal Society 1976.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers include laboratory notebooks dealing with
Bawden's research on various plant viruses, and in particular his collaborative
work with N.W. Pirie and with A.A.P. Kleczkowski. There is also a detailed
exchange of correspondence with Pirie on research in progress, 1937-1940.
(Pirie moved to Rothamsted as Virus Physiologist in 1940 when Bawden became
Head of the Plant Physiology Department). There is a wide range of
correspondence, with individuals and institutions. It deals with scientific
research and problems including viral nomenclature, lectures, conferences,
publications, Bawden's reports on research projects, grant applications and
appointments. The correspondence relating to Bawden's overseas visits as
adviser or lecturer is mainly after 1958 and is sometimes accompanied by
Bawden's reports.
Arrangement
By section as follows: Biographical and personal, Laboratory
notebooks, Scientific correspondence, Correspondence on overseas visits,
Correspondence on lectures and conferences, Correspondence on publications.
Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Papers retain the period of confidentiality agreed at time of the deposit. All
new deposits closed for 30 years except by permission of Officers of the Royal
Society or the person controlling access.
Finding
aid: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Sir Frederick
Charles Bawden: CSAC no. 37/1/76, 20 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath
ALLIED MATERIALS
The archive of N.W. Pirie was catalogued for deposit in the Royal
Society in 2003.
5
Beaver, Sir Hugh Eyre Campbell,
1890-1967. Knight. Engineer and industrialist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository: British
Library of Political and Economic Science, London. Reference code: GB 0097 BEAVER
Title: Papers and
correspondence of Sir Hugh Eyre Campbell Beaver, 1890-1967
Dates of creation of
material: 1896- 1972.
Extent: 15 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Beaver was born in Johannesburg in 1890 and
educated at Wellington College, 1904-1909. He began his career in the Indian
Police, 1910-1912, then joined the engineering firm of Alexander Gibb and
Partners, of which he became a Partner, 1932-1942. He served as
Director-General, Ministry of Works, 1940-1945, and after the war became
Managing Director, Arthur Guinness, Son and Co. which position he held to
retirement in 1960. He was Director of the Colonial Development Corporation 1951
– 1960, Chairman of the British Institute of Management,
1951-1954, of the Committee on Air Pollution, 1953-1954, and of many other
bodies connected with engineering, industry and education for management.
Beaver was knighted in 1943. He also received
honorary degrees from the University
of Cambridge, Trinity
College Dublin, and the National University of Ireland. He died in 1967.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in
1974 from Mrs C. Lawson-Tancred, daughter. Placed in the BLPES March
1976.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers contain a good
deal of autobiographical and personal material, and numerous speeches and addresses
on various topics connected with industry, productivity, management, public
health, citizenship and education. Throughout his career, Beaver maintained
correspondence or personal relations with former colleagues. In addition, he
collected photographs, press-cuttings, notes of meetings and discussions, and
other material bearing on people or subjects which interested him. He had
intended to write, during his retirement, an account of his family and its
branches, including his own life and times. He had drawn up outlines of the
work, and completed drafts of some of the sections, but died before the task
was finished. Accounts remain of his schooldays, service in India, and
fragments of recollections of distinguished colleagues. These include Lord Waverley
(John Anderson) and Lord Reith, with whom Beaver had a long association,
1940-1960, and from whom a considerable number of letters survive.
Arrangement
By section as follows:
Biographical and personal, Professional, Correspondence, Lectures.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: Open.
Finding aids: Printed
Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Sir Hugh Eyre Campbell
Beaver: CSAC catalogue no. 40/4/76, 9 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath.
Link to catalogue ¯ (a2a)
ALLIED MATERIALS
In other repositories
Extensive family documents
relating to the Beaver, Eyre, Campbell and Harrison families were retained in family hands.
Documents and correspondence relating to Wellington College, where Beaver was at school and
of which he was Chairman of the Governors, are in the Archives of the College.
Beaver's collection of books on India was given
by him to the Library of Sussex University.
5
Benjamin, Thomas Brooke, 1929-1995. Mathematician.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Bodleian Library, Oxford.
Reference code: GB 0161 T.B. Benjamin papers
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Thomas Brooke Benjamin, 1929-1995.
Dates
of creation of material: ca 1947-1996.
Extent:
14 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Benjamin was born in 1929 in Wallasey, Merseyside. He was
educated at Wallasey Grammar School and Liverpool
University where he studied electrical
engineering, 1947-1950 before moving to Yale University
on a Rotary Foundation Fellowship where he obtained a Master's degree. He took
his doctorate at Cambridge
University on cavitation
of liquids. He was elected Fellow of King's College, Cambridge
in 1955, and appointed Assistant Director of Research 1958-1970 and Reader in
Hydrodynamics 1967-1970, working in the Department of Applied Mathematics and
Theoretical Physics, Cambridge
University, on problems
of fluid dynamics such as thin films, wave instability, drag reduction and
vortex breakdown. In 1970 Benjamin moved as Professor of Mathematics to the University of Essex, where he set up the Fluid
Mechanics Research Institute, to promote interaction between mathematicians and
experimentalists in advanced fluid mechanics. In 1979 he accepted appointment
to the Sedleian Chair of Natural Philosophy at Oxford University.
Apart from periods as Visiting Professor at overseas universities, principally
in America, Benjamin
remained in Oxford
until his death in 1995.
In addition to his contributions to the study of fluid dynamics, Benjamin
retained a lifelong interest in music, as executant (piano and strings),
conductor and composer. Somewhat later in life, he also turned to the
composition of poetry.
Benjamin was elected FRS in 1966 (Bakerian Lecture 1992). He died in 1995.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1996 from Mrs Natalia Benjamin,
widow and via Professor John Toland, School
of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath. Placed in the Bodleian
Library (Gift) 1997.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The surviving documentation of many aspects of
Benjamin’s career, is unfortunately sparse; several of his career moves
seem to have resulted in the loss or destruction of papers. The biographical
material provides a useful outline of the principal events of Benjamin's life
including his appointment to the Sedleian Professorship at Oxford. His non-professional interests, music
and poetry are well recorded. There is material relating to university courses
taught by Benjamin and a considerable quantity of notes, drafts and
calculations relating to research, lectures and publications, much of it
undated and difficult to assign as to category. Although few records survive
relating to Benjamin's visits and conferences, the extent of his travels and
his reputation as a lecturer can be seen. Benjamin’s involvement with
professional mathematical societies and journals is not well documented.
However, there is a more satisfactory representation of his concern with
various aspects of higher education, especially the National Conference of
University Professors of which he was a founder and first Chairman. Only a very
little mathematical correspondence survives.
Arrangement
By section as follows: Biographical, Notes, drafts and
calculations, Lectures, conferences and visits, Societies and organisations,
Mathematics and higher education, Correspondence. Index of correspondents
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Entry permitted only on presentation of a valid reader's card or an Oxford
University Card displaying the Bodleian logo. All applicants for new or
replacement cards must apply in person, with a recommendation and payment if
required, and with proof of their identity.
Finding
aids: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Thomas Brooke
Benjamin: NCUACS catalogue no. 63/1/97, 54 pp. Copies available from
NCUACS, University
of Bath
5
Black, Joseph, 1921-2000. Engineer.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository: University of Bath Library. Reference code: GB 1128
Black
Title: Papers and
correspondence of Joseph Black, 1921-2000.
Dates of creation of
material: 1938-2000
Extent: 4 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Joseph Black was born in
Belfast on 25 January 1921. He was
educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution and at Queen’s
University, Belfast,
graduating in 1941 with first class honours in mechanical engineering. After three years as a scientific officer
with the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough, Hampshire, Black returned
to Queen’s in 1944 as a research fellow. He was awarded an MSc in
1945. Later in the same year Black
joined de Havilland Aircraft as an aerodynamicist and worked with the team
designing the revolutionary Comet jet aeroplane.
In 1946 Black left de Havilland to begin an academic
career. His first appointment was as a
lecturer in mechanical engineering at the University of Bristol
where his colleagues included A.G. Pugsley,
A.H. Chilver and B. Crossland. Shortly
after his appointment Black helped to establish the department of aeronautical
engineering under the leadership of A.R. Collar. In 1960 he
left the University
of Bristol to become Head
of the Department of Engineering at the newly created Bristol College of
Science and Technology (subsequently Bristol College of Advanced
Technology). He decided that from the
outset his new department should embrace both aeronautical and mechanical
engineering. In 1966 the transformation
of the College into Bath University of Technology (later the University of Bath)
presented Black with new challenges as he helped to guide and foster the
institution’s development. Between 1960 and 1966 he was involved in the
intensive planning which immediately preceded the university’s creation
and was a member of the committee that chose its Claverton Down site.
Between 1970 and 1973, as
one of the University of Bath’s first pro-vice-chancellors, Black was
instrumental in devising and implementing a number of innovative administrative
and academic structures, including the establishment of a unified School of Engineering encompassing mechanical,
aeronautical and manufacturing engineering.
As a keen advocate of design as an integral part of engineering, Black
laid the foundation of the school’s outstanding reputation in engineering
design. Particularly enthusiastic about
new techniques in computer-aided design, he ensured that appropriate emphasis
was placed on design in the University
of Bath undergraduate
engineering curriculum. Recognising the
need in engineering education for closer links between universities and
industry, Black played an important part in the introduction of the ‘thin
sandwich’ course whereby students alternated academic terms with periods
spent on industrial placements. He was
also largely responsible for instigating degree courses in engineering with
French and German. On his retirement
from the University
of Bath in 1985 Black was
awarded a Leverhulme Trust Fellowship to research and write on engineering in
art.
Amongst Black’s contributions to the wider higher
education community and public service was membership of the University Grants
Committee and the Design Council. He was
appointed CBE in 1979 for his work in the field of university education and in
1981 elected to the Fellowship of Engineering (Royal Academy of Engineering).
Custodial history:
The papers were received from Mrs M. Black, widow, in August
2001. Placed in University of Bath
Library in 2002.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
Biographical material
includes early letters of reference from Belfast,
1938-1941, a report on a visit to educational establishments in the USA in 1962,
papers relating to the conferment of honorary degrees, and photographs,
1976-1989. Although there are a few
early engineering drawings (Belfast 1938) and
later records of Black’s interest in Gustave Eiffel’s contribution
to the development of experimental aerodynamics, the largest component of his
research material relates to a medical engineering project at Bath.
This involved the development of a ‘floating stretcher’,
designed to alleviate problems of road vibration while patients were being
conveyed by ambulance. There are
correspondence and papers relating to publications and lectures, 1947-2000, the
topics ranging from supersonics to Renaissance Art.
Arrangement
By section as follows:. Index of correspondents
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Contact the Archivist, University
of Bath Library.
Finding
aids: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Joseph Black:
NCUACS catalogue no. 107/6/02, 26 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath
5
Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart, Baron Blackett of Chelsea, 1897-1974. Physicist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Library, Royal Society, London.
Reference code: GB 0117 Blackett papers
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett of
Chelsea,
1897-1974.
Dates
of creation of material: 1911-1975.
Extent:
ca 1,360 items, 45.92 linear feet
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Blackett was born in Kensington, London. He was educated at the Osborne Naval
College and Dartmouth College
for a career in the Royal Navy and saw action during the First World War at the
Battle of Jutland. He resigned from the navy at the end of the war and entered Magdalene College,
Cambridge to
read for the Natural Sciences Tripos, 1919-1921. He became a research student
under Rutherford at the Cavendish Laboratory
in 1921, working with cloud chambers. In 1924 he succeeded in obtaining the
first photographs of an atomic transmutation, which was of nitrogen into an
oxygen isotope. He continued to develop the cloud chamber and in 1932, with the
assistance of G. Occhialini, he designed a cloud chamber in which photographs
of cosmic rays were taken automatically. Early in 1933 the device confirmed the
existence of the positron. In the same year he became Professor of Physics at Birkbeck College,
London where he
continued his cosmic ray studies demonstrating in 1935 the formation of showers
of positive and negative electrons from gamma rays in approximately equal
numbers. In 1937 he succeeded W.L. Bragg as Langworthy Professor of Physics at Manchester University, continuing his cosmic ray work.
He was brought into the Air Defence Committee in 1936 by H.T. Tizard and
during the Second World War he contributed to or directed several research
projects such as proximity fuses and bombsights and greatly developed the
technique of operational research, notably as applied to controversies over
bombing policy and the U-boat campaign. He returned to academic life at the end
of the war and, as a consequence of his research into cosmic rays, became
interested in the history of the Earth's magnetic field and turned to the study
of rock magnetism. In 1953 he was appointed Head of the Physics Department at Imperial College,
London where he
built up a team specialising in rock magnetism. He was Professor Emeritus and
Senior Research Fellow, 1965-1974. Blackett was always politically committed to
the left, and in later years to developing countries and especially to India. At
certain periods he exerted influence, particularly after the Labour Party's
General Election victory in 1964 when he became Deputy Chairman and Scientific
Adviser, Advisory Council on Technology, Ministry of Technology.
Blackett received many honours and awards both in Britain and internationally. He was
elected FRS in 1933 (Bakerian Lecture 1939, Royal Medal 1940, Copley Medal
1956, PRS 1965-1970), and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1948 for
his work on particle disintegration and cosmic rays. He was appointed to the
Order of Merit in 1967 and received a Life Peerage in 1969.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1975-1976 from Lady Blackett,
widow. Placed in the Royal Society 1979.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers are extensive, relating to almost every aspect of
Blackett's career in science and public life. There is biographical and
personal material including large numbers of letters of congratulation received
on the occasion of the various scientific and public awards and honours with
which Blackett's achievements were recognised. There are records of his work on
particle disintegration, cosmic rays, astrophysics and magnetism in the form of
laboratory notebooks, working papers, correspondence, lectures, publications
and broadcasts. There is documentation of his activities on various defence
projects and as a member of government committees before, during and after the
Second World War. Blackett's political interests are represented by material
relating to the Association of Scientific Workers, Labour Party discussion
groups on science and technology policy and the Ministry of Technology instituted
after the Party's 1964 electoral victory. There are records of a wide range of
science-related interests such as the history of science and technology,
science, education and government, and nuclear weapons and disarmament, and of
his overseas activities including material relating specifically to India and that
concerned with matters more generally affecting developing countries.
A few lacunae in the surviving material have been identified. There are no
documents relative to Blackett's service with the National Research and
Development Corporation or the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
and, of his correspondence during the Second World War, only that for 1942
survives.
Arrangement
By section as follows: Biographical and personal, Particle
disintegration, Astrophysics, Magnetism, Second World War and government
committees, Political activities, Science-related interests, Overseas
activities, Lectures, addressses, publications and broadcasts, Correspondence.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Papers retain the period of confidentiality agreed at time of the deposit. All
new deposits closed for 30 years except by permission of Officers of the Royal
Society or the person controlling access..
Finding
aids: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Patrick Maynard
Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett of Chelsea:
CSAC catalogue no. 63/2/79, 401 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath
Link to catalogue ¯ (a2a)
5
Blackman, Geoffrey Emett, 1903-1980. Agronomist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Bodleian Library, Oxford.
Reference code: GB 0161 G.E. Blackman papers
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Geoffrey Emett Blackman, 1903-1980.
Dates
of creation of material: 1863-1981.
Extent:
21 boxes.
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Blackman came from a family which has included several
distinguished scientists; his father, V.H. Blackman and his uncle F.F. Blackman
were both botanists and his aunt Dame Harriette Chick was a nutritionist. He
was born in Kensington, London and educated at
King's College School,
Wimbledon and St John's College, Cambridge
(Natural Sciences Tripos), 1923-1926. After graduating from Cambridge,
he worked briefly at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Hertfordshire and then,
1927-1933, as Head of Botany Section at the ICI Research Station at Jealott's
Hill, Bracknell,
where F.W. Keeble was Director. His main research was on grasses and on the use
of sulphuric acid in weed control. In 1933 he moved to Imperial
College, London,
as Lecturer in Ecology in the Department of Botany, and remained there (under
secondment to the Agricultural Research Council, 1942-1945) until 1945, when he
moved to Oxford
as Sibthorpian Professor of Rural Economy. Here he continued research on weed
control, but also directed research teams on growth analysis.
During the Second World War, Blackman played an active part in initiating
the Biology War Committee, of which he was Secretary throughout its existence.
The Committee advised on research projects and coordinated results in reports
on such topics as improved sources and production of food, crop storage and
weed control, and prepared booklets for the Forces on 'The dangers of swimming
in tropical waters' and 'Living in the jungle'. Blackman's own primary research
interest was in weed control, selective toxicity and herbicide techniques, and
his international reputation in these areas led to his being invited in 1971 to
serve on the US National Academy of Sciences Committee on the Effects of
Herbicides in Vietnam. He was elected FRS in 1959.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1979-1981 from Mrs Audrey
Blackman, widow, Dr J.D. Fryer and Professor J.L. Harley, author of the Royal
Society memoir of Blackman. Placed in Bodleian Library (gift) 1981.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers are representative of much of Blackman's work.
There is documentation of his early research on grasses and on the bluebell,
and wartime research on oil-seed crops and weed control. Some of the projects
of the Biology War Committee are well documented, notably a nation-wide survey
of the distribution and ecology of the spindle tree arranged by the historic
counties of Britain and the preparation of the booklets for the Forces.
Blackman's designated areas of responsibility in respect of the Vietnam
herbicides committee are fully recorded and there is also much useful
background information, schedules and circulation of drafts, reviews and
amendments. Blackman's service with many other committees and organisations is
only patchily represented in the surviving material, the most substantial
record being of his contribution to the International Council of Scientific
Union's International Biological Programme. There is some biographical material
including tributes to Blackman and his work, recollections and information,
contributed by colleagues. General scientific correspondence is meagre.
Arrangement
By section as follows: Biographical and personal, Lectures,
Notes, drafts and working papers, Committees and consultancies, Correspondence.
Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Entry permitted only on presentation of a valid reader's card or an Oxford
University Card displaying the Bodleian logo. All applicants for new or
replacement cards must apply in person, with a recommendation and payment if
required, and with proof of their identity.
Certain items not available.
Language:
English
Finding
aids: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Geoffrey Emett
Blackman: CSAC catalogue no. 79/3/81, 71 pp. Copies available from
NCUACS, University
of Bath.
5
Bohm, David Joseph 1917-1992. Physicist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository: Library, Birkbeck College,
London. Reference code: GB 1832 BOHM
Title: Papers and
correspondence of David Joseph Bohm, 1917-1992
Dates of creation of
material: 1933-2005
Extent: 16 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bohm was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania,
USA on 20 December
1917. He studied at Pennsylvania State University,
graduating in 1939, then moved to the California Institute of Technology for
post-graduate work, completing his Ph.D. in 1943 at the University
of California at Berkeley under J.R. Oppenheimer. He then
worked on the Manhattan Project at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. In 1947
he was appointed Assistant Professor at Princeton University.
He worked there until 1950, when Princeton
refused to renew his contract after he had fallen foul of the House Committee
on Un-American Activities. While working at the Radiation Laboratory during the
war Bohm had been active in the Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists
and Technicians (FAECT) trade union. In 1949, as Cold War tensions increased,
the Committee on Un-American Activities began investigating staff who had been
working there. As a member of FAECT and as a former member of the Communist
Party Bohm came under suspicion. He was called upon to testify before the
Committee but pleaded the Fifth Amendment refusing to give evidence against
colleagues. After the USSR
tested its first atomic device in September 1949 it was thought that atomic
bomb secrets must have been passed to the USSR. It was alleged that members
of the FAECT had been in a Communist cell working at Berkeley during the war. In 1950 Bohm was
charged with Contempt of Congress for refusing to answer questions before the
Committee and arrested. He was acquitted in May 1951 but Princeton
had already suspended Bohm and after his acquittal refused to renew his
contract. Bohm left for Brazil
in 1951 to take up a Chair in Physics at the University of Sćo Paulo.
In 1955 he moved to Israel
where he spent two years at the Technion at Haifa. Here he met his wife Saral, who was an
important figure in the development of his ideas. In 1957 Bohm moved to the UK. He held a
research fellowship at University
of Bristol until 1961,
when he was made Professor of Theoretical Physics at Birkbeck College London.
He retired in 1987.
Bohm made a number of significant
contributions to physics, particularly in the area of quantum mechanics. As a
post-graduate at Berkeley
he discovered the electron phenomenon now known as 'Bohm-diffusion'. His first
book, Quantum Theory published in 1951, was well-received by Einstein
among others. However, he was unsatisified with the orthodox approach to
quantum theory and began to develop his own approach, expressed in his second
book Causality and Chance in Modern Physics published in 1957. In 1959,
with his student Yakir Aharonov, he discovered the 'Aharonov-Bohm effect',
showing how a vacuum could produce striking physical effects. His third book, The
Special Theory of Relativity was published in 1965.
Bohm's scientific and philosophical views
were inseparable. In 1959 he came across a book by the Indian philosopher J.
Krishnamurti. He was struck with how his own ideas on quantum mechanics meshed
with the philosophy of Krishnamurti. The two first met in 1961 and over the
following years had many conversations or dialogues. Bohm's approach to
philosophy and physics are expressed in his 1980 book Wholeness and the
Implicate Order, and in the book Science, Order and Creativity,
written with F.D. Peat and published in 1987. In his later years, partly
through his connection with Krishnamurti, Bohm developed the technique of
Dialogue, in which a group of individuals engaged in constructive verbal
interaction with each other. He believed that if carried out on a sufficiently
wide scale these Dialogues could help overcome fragmentation in society. Bohm
led a number of Dialogues in the 1980s and early 1990s, the most well-known
being those held at Ojai Grove School
in California.
Bohm was elected FRS in 1990. He died in
1992.
See B.J. Hiley, 'David Joseph Bohm', Biographical
Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 43, 105-131 (1997).
Custodial history
Original deposit received for cataloguing in March
1995 from Professor B.J. Hiley, with copies of Bohm material held elsewhere,
especially in Brazil
made available by Dr Olival Freire Jr. in February 1997. Deposited in Birkbeck College 1997. Supplementary material was received from
Professor Hiley, via Birkbeck
College in November 2006.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
Original material: There is
significant biographical material in the collection. There are obituaries and
tributes, interviews, discussions and Dialogues with Bohm, including those at Ojai, California.
Bohm's ideas attracted much interest and there are significant number of
articles and papers inspired by him. Material directly recording his life and
career is comparatively slight but there are papers relating to Bohm's
difficulties with the House Committee on Un-American Activities 1949-1951.
There are drafts by Bohm of papers and lectures, mostly unpublished, including
some drafts on quantum theory, although the bulk are of a philosophical nature.
There are also copies of a few of his published works and book reviews by
others of Bohm's work and drafts by F.D. Peat drawing on Bohm's work which were
found with the papers. The correspondence, is divided into two sequences. There
is a sequence of general correspondence, including photocopies of
correspondence with Einstein ca 1950-1954 which include discussion of
quantum theory as well as Einstein's advice on Bohm's career. Other significant
correspondents are R. Karnette, H.M. Loewy and M. Phillips. The second sequence
is photocopies of the voluminous correspondence on a wide range of
philosophical and scientific subjects with the American artist and theorist Charles
J. Biederman, 1960-1969.
Supplementary material:
Biographical papers include a copy of the Royal
Society biographical memoir of Bohm, additional interviews and dialogues
material, including a series of contributions to the magazine ReVision, and some additional material
relating to the Ojai Dialogues of 1989.
There are further articles about Bohm showing the continuing interest
his life and ideas inspired. Life and
career material includes documentation of his election to the Fellowship of the
Royal Society including letters of congratulation. The original catalogue contained a solitary
letter of congratulation, from Brian Josephson, which reinforced the picture of
him as a loner shunned by the mainstream scientific establishment. The addition to this of congratulations from
figures such as Lord Flowers, Sir Roger Penrose and Abdus Salam indicates the
high regard in which he was widely held.
The section also has a little personal correspondence, which includes
documentation of visits to North America in
the 1970s and 1980s, and material relating to his wife Saral Bohm that shows
her promoting her husband’s ideas after his death.
Documentation of
Bohm’s drafts, publications and lectures, forms the largest component of
this catalogue. It covers the period
1951 to 1998. Of particular note is the
further material presented on the themes of wholeness and fragmentation and the
implicate order. There is also significant material on Bohm’s ideas in
quantum theory. Drafts by Bohm include a
series of lectures ‘On plasma physics’, delivered at the University of Rome
in May 1958 and on ‘General theory of collective coordinates’, University of Bristol, about the same date. Bohm’s wider vision is documented in
papers delivered at various meetings, such as ‘An inquiry into the
function of language and thought’ (Institute of Contemporary Arts,
London, March, 1971), ‘Insight, imagination, reason and the nature of
knowledge’ and ‘Consciousness’ (Syracuse University,
September 1982), and ‘Fragmentation and wholeness’ (Eidgenössische
Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Switzerland, 1986). The coverage of Bohm’s published output
in the original catalogue was rather thin; this catalogue presents
significantly more material documenting his publications. It includes articles on quantum theory from
the 1950s onwards, drafts of Causality
and Chance in Modern Physics (1957) and the final chapter of Wholeness and the Implicate Order
(1980), and a posthumously published work ‘Cosmos, Matter, Life and
Consciousness’, in The Spirit of
Science. From Experiment to Experience (1998) from a lecture originally
given in 1983.
The additional
correspondence presents important new material on Bohm’s life and
ideas. It includes a bound volume of
correspondence with the philosopher J.G. Bennett (1962-1964) largely arising
from ideas put forward in Bennett’s book The Dramatic Universe,
much influenced by G.I. Gurdjieff. There
is correspondence with A. Kahler and her daughter H.M. Loewy 1950-1951, in
which Bohm discusses his difficulties with the Un-American Activities
Committee, his move to Brazil
and future plans. There are exchanges
with D.L. Schindler, editor of Communio,
a Roman Catholic journal, arising from Schindler’s review of Bohm’s
book Wholeness and the Implicate Order.
Correspondence with F.
Wilhelm includes discussion of the thought and personality of J.
Krishnamurti, who was a profound influence on the thought of both men, and
further discussion of Krishnamurti is to be found in the typescript transcripts
of correspondence with Yitzhak (‘Isidore’) Woolfson, Bohm’s
brother-in-law. This correspondence also discusses individuality, the nature of
understanding, memory and the Arab-Israeli conflict. There is an extensive set of photocopies of
manuscript letters from Bohm to the mathematician Miriam Yevick. The letters cover the early 1950s after
Bohm’s move to Brazil
and cover his experiences there, his future plans, and the state of the world,
as well as the development of his ideas in quantum theory.
Non-textual material
includes audio cassette tapes of broadcasts on Radio France in 1982 and the proceedings
of the memorial meeting to Bohm held at Birkbeck College London in May 1993.
Arrangement
By section as follows:
Biographical, Drafts, publications and lectures, Correspondence. Index of
correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: By
appointment. Users should contact the College Librarian or the Science
Subject Librarian.
Language: English
Finding aids: Printed
Catalogues of the papers and correspondence of David Joseph Bohm: NCUACS
catalogue nos. 66/4/97, 53pp and 156/6/07, 38pp. Copies available from
NCUACS, University
of Bath.
Link to original catalogue
on A2A (151k bytes)
ALLIED MATERIALS
Publication note:
Bohm-Biederman
Correspondence. Volume One: Creativity and Science, ed. Paavo Pylkkanen (London and New York, 1999).
5
Boot, Henry Albert Howard, 1917-1983. Physicist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
National Archive for Electrical Science and Technology, Institution of
Engineering and Technology, London.
Reference code: GB 0108 NAEST 061
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Henry Albert Howard Boot, 1917-1983.
Dates
of creation of material: 1939-1979.
Extent:
3.5 boxes.
CONTEXT
Biographical history:
Boot was a physicist who made
an outstanding contribution to the successful application of British science
during the Second World War. Working with J.T. Randall in M.L.E. Oliphant's
laboratory at Birmingham
University, Boot produced
the first 10 centimetre radar through the cavity magnetron. a discovery which
had a profound impact on the waging of the war in several important spheres. In
the Battle of
the Atlantic centrimetric radar provided the Allies with a means of locating
with accuracy, surfaced U-boats in any weather, day or night, and centrimetric
radar was also decisive in the defeat of the German night bombers in 1943-1944
and in the improvement in the accuracy of the Allies' own night bombing. The
cavity magnetron was built by Randall and Boot during the winter of 1939-1940
and developed by research teams in universities, institutions and government
departments in Britain and
the USA.
Randall and Boot were awarded the Thomas Gray Memorial Prize of the Royal
Society of Arts in 1943 for 'improving the safety of life at sea'. Further
recognition followed with the award by the Royal Commission for Awards for
Inventors in 1949, the John Price Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute, Pennsylvania in 1958 and the John Scott Award of the City
of Philadelphia
in 1959.
Custodial history:
Received for cataloguing in 1977 from Boot.
Placed in NAEST August 1979.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary:
The papers contain laboratory
notebooks and drawings associated with the design of the first cavity magnetron
in 1939-1940, and further notes, drawings, blueprints, reports, correspondence
and committee papers relating to its subsequent development. There are reports
of research teams in various British and American universities, institutions
and government departments, including those led by D.R.
Hartree at Manchester University and E.C.
Stoner at Leeds University. There are also a number of historical accounts
of the development of the cavity magnetron.
Arrangement:
By section as follows: Historical accounts of the
development of the magnetron, Laboratory notebooks, working notes, drawings and
blueprints, Progress reports and minutes of meetings, Correspondence, Reports
on research in other laboratories. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Open access.
Language:
English
Finding
aids: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Henry Albert Howard
Boot: CSAC catalogue no. 68/6/79, 21 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath
ALLIED MATERIALS
In other repositories
The original magnetron block was given by Boot to the Science Museum,
London.
Tapes and transcripts of interviews with Randall and Boot are held in the
Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
5
Bowden, Keith Frederick, 1936-1982. Computer scientist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Essex University Library. Reference code: GB 0301 ASL/SC/BOW
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Keith Frederick Bowden, 1936-1982.
Dates
of creation of material: 1967-1975.
Extent:
4 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history:
Bowden was educated at Sir John Deane's School, Sandbach and
Manchester University where he studied electrical
engineering, graduating in 1958. He then joined T. Kilburn's research team at Manchester, working on
the Atlas Computer. He moved to Essex
University in 1967 as a
founder member of the Computer Science Department where he was later Professor
and Head of Department. He was leader of a project to apply computers to the
maintenance of personal medical records. Bowden was killed in a road accident.
Custodial history:
Received for cataloguing from Mr I.R. MacCallum, Department
of Computer Science, Essex
University. Placed
in Essex Univeristy Library 1985.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers relate exclusively to the medical records project
and include reports, correspondence with the Ministry of Health and
collaborators, committee papers and records of the project's financial
administration.
Arrangement
By section as follows: Reports, Correspondence and committee
papers, Financial administration, Biographical. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
The Albert Sloman Library is open to researchers on application in
writing to the Librarian for reference purposes.
Language:
English
Finding
aids: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Keith Frederick
Bowden: CSAC catalogue no. 105/2/85, 17 pp. Copies available from NCUACS,
University of Bath
Bowen, Edmund John, 1898-1980. Chemist and historian of science.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Museum of the History of Science, Broad
Street, Oxford.
Reference code: GB 0463 MS Bowen
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Edmund John Bowen, 1898-1980.
Dates
of creation of material: 1931-1980.
Extent:
1 box
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bowen was born in the Parish of St John in Bedwardine,
Worcester and educated at Worcester
Royal Grammar
School. He entered Balliol
College, Oxford
in 1915 and, apart from war service, spent the rest of his life at Oxford. At the end of
1916 he volunteered to train as a gunner officer and in 1917 was posted to France with a
howitzer unit, seeing almost continuous war service until the Armistice. On
demobilisation he returned to Balliol to complete his undergraduate studies, 1919-1920.
In 1921 he was appointed to a Lecturership at University College
where he was elected a Fellow and Praelector in Chemistry in 1922, a position
he held until 1965, when he was elected an Honorary Fellow. He was University
Demonstrator in Chemistry, 1938-1952, and Aldrichian Praelector in Chemistry,
1952-1965. Bowen was a pioneer in the study of photochemical reactions and a
major contributor to knowledge of the production and quenching of fluorescence.
He was elected FRS in 1935 (Davy Medal 1963).
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1981 from Mrs E. Bowen, widow
and Dr H.J.M. Bowen, son. Placed in Museum of History
of Science 1981.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers are not extensive. There are almost no records of
Bowen's scientific work with the exception of reprints of his publications in
the field of photochemistry, 1921-1963. There is some biographical and personal
material including an autobiographical account of Bowen's childhood, service in
the First World War and subsequent career to 1929. There is also material
reflecting Bowen's keen interest in the history of science including
reminiscences of Oxford
chemistry between the wars.
Arrangement
By section as follows: Biographical and autobiographical,
Historical writings. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Access is (at normal times) available to any bona fide researcher by
appointment. No confidentiality restrictions affect this collection.
Language:
English
Finding
aids: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Edmund John Bowen:
CSAC catalogue no. 81/5/81, 13 pp. Copies available from NCUACS,
Univeristy of Bath
ALLIED MATERIALS
In same repository
Papers deposited by Bowen in his lifetime:
MS Museum 202: notes of laboratory work on photochemistry, early 1920s
MS Museum 88, 158 and 167: historical notes on the Royal Society,
Balliol-Trinity Laboratories (Oxford), and
Alembic Club (Oxford)
respectively.
The Museum also holds some of Bowen's scientific apparatus, including
apparatus made by him.
Bretscher, Egon, 1901-1973. Chemist and nuclear physicist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge.
Reference code: GB 0014 BRET
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Egon Bretscher, 1901-1973.
Dates
of creation of material: 1896-1973.
Extent:
34 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bretscher was born in Zürich,
Switzerland and
educated at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH). He obtained his
diploma in chemical engineering at the ETH and then spent 1925-1927 at Edinburgh University working for his doctorate in
the Department of Chemistry (J. Walker). After a further period at the ETH he
was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship, held at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, 1934-1935.
Rutherford invited him to return to Cambridge
in 1936 and he remained there as Clerk Maxwell Scholar, 1936-1939, and
Lecturer, 1939-1944. His work on nuclear physics led to his involvement in the
British atomic bomb research project 'Tube Alloys' and his membership of the
British Mission to the Manhattan District Scientific Laboratory at Los Alamos
from early 1944 where he worked in E. Fermi's Advanced Development Division.
After the war he returned to Britain and joined the newly-established Atomic
Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, first as head of the Chemistry
Division, then from 1948 as head of the Nuclear Physics Division. He retired
from Harwell in 1966.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1984-1986 from Mrs Hanni
Bretscher, widow. Some of the papers relating to research, committees, lectures
and publications during Bretscher's period at AERE Harwell, and not required by
the Public Record Office, were received in 1984 from Harwell. Placed in
Churchill Archives Centre 1986.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers, though not exhaustive, provide some useful
material on Bretscher's career and some of the momentous events in which he
participated. There is biographical material including Bretscher's own 'Survey
of activities during the war and with the A.E.R.E.', compiled in 1964 and a
lecture given at Harwell in 1967 on 'Wartime nuclear physics and chemical
research at the Cavendish Laboratory 1940-1944 associated with atomic weapons'.
Very little remains of his early work in Switzerland
and there is only a little material on the early stages of his atomic research
at Cambridge
and the collaboration with D.E. Lea. Much better documented is the work
undertaken at the Cavendish Laboratory for the 'Tube Alloys' Project. There are
research notes and reports by members of the team, reports prepared for the
Maud Committee and the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,
Bretscher's regular exchanges of correspondence with J. Chadwick and records of
later work relating to postwar publication of the wartime research.
Because of the exceptionally tight security virtually no personal research
material remains from the Los Alamos period.
There are, however, a number of final reports contributed to the sequence of 'L.A.' reports, some
personal correspondence, circulars and newsletters, and press-cuttings. The
largest body of material relates to Bretscher's postwar career at Harwell and
documents his involvement in national and international nuclear data
committees, and his interest in maintaining collaboration with universities and
other research institutions. The surviving correspondence is scanty with few
substantial exchanges.
Arrangement
By section as follows: Biographical and personal,
Switzerland, Cambridge, 'Tube Alloys', Los Alamos, Atomic Energy Research
Establishment, Visits, Correspondence. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Readers intending to use the Archives Centre must write in advance to the
Keeper of the Archives giving details of their research subject and listing the
collections they will wish to consult. New readers should also provide a letter
of introduction and some form of identification (such as a passport or driving
licence).
Language:
English and, in part, German.
Finding
aid: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Egon Bretscher CSAC
catalogue no. 115/6/86, 72 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath.
Link to catalogue ¯(a2a)
British Association Mathematical Tables Committee, 1871-1948.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Bodleian Library, Oxford.
Reference code: GB 0161 British Association Mathematical Tables Committee
Title:
Papers and correspondence of the British Association Mathematical Tables
Committee.
Dates
of creation of material: 1896-1960.
Extent:
8 boxes
CONTEXT
Administrative history
The Committee was set up in 1871, 'for the purpose of
reporting on Mathematical Tables, which it may be desirable to compute or
reprint'; the Committee was re-formed and reorganised at various times but its
purpose remained broadly along its original lines. In 1928 Col. A.J.C.
Cunningham (member of the Committee, 1895-1901, Secretary, 1896-1901) died
leaving in his will 'one-twelfth part (of my residuary estate) for preparing
new Mathematical Tables in the Theory of Numbers'. This legacy was used to
produce vols III, IV, V, VIII and IX of the B.A. Tables. The B.A. Committee
held its final meeting on 23 June 1948, its assets and liabilities, including
the residue of the Cunningham bequest, being transferred to the Royal Society
on 30 June 1948.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1976-1977 from Professor
M.V. Wilkes who served on the Committee, 1939-1948, who had himself received
them from Dr J.C.P. Miller, the last Secretary of the Committee,
1945-1948. Placed in the Bodleian Library (gift) 1978.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers include minute books, 1929-1948, Annual Reports,
1896, 1923-1939, 1948, and an undated Final report, correspondence and papers
relating to elliptic functions, 1925-1943, and correspondence and papers
relating to the Cunningham Bequest, 1930-1960.
Arrangement
See Scope and content above.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Entry permitted only on presentation of a valid reader's card or an Oxford
University Card displaying the Bodleian logo. All applicants for new or
replacement cards must apply in person, with a recommendation and payment if
required, and with proof of their identity.
Language:
English
Finding
aids: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of the British
Association Mathematical Tables Committee: CSAC catalogue no. 58/2/78, 9
pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath
Brown, Robert Hanbury, 1916-2002. Astronomer.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository: The Library, Royal
Society. Reference code: GB 0117 RHB
Title: Papers and correspondence of Robert
Hanbury Brown, 1916-2002.
Dates of creation of material:1911-2007.
Extent: ca 870 items
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Robert Hanbury Brown was born
on 31 August 1916 in Aruvankadu, South India,
where his father was in charge of a cordite factory. Hanbury Brown was sent to England to be educated and attended Cottesmore Preparatory
School in Hove,
Sussex, from
the age of eight to fourteen. In 1930 he entered Tonbridge
School in Kent,
switching to Brighton
Technical College
after only two years. The decision was partly the product of strained family
finances - but Hanbury Brown had long shown an active interest in technological
matters. His grandfather (the irrigation engineer Sir Robert Hanbury Brown) was
one of the early pioneers of radio, and his legal guardian after his
parents’ divorce was a consulting radio engineer. At Brighton
Technical College
he studied for an external degree in the University of London,
graduating BSc with first class honours in electrical engineering at the age of
nineteen. At this time appeared also his first publication (with his student
friend Vic Tyler), on ‘Lamp polar curves on the cathode-ray
oscillograph’. With a grant from East Sussex County Council he then
embarked on a postgraduate course in advanced studies on telegraphy and
telephony at City & Guilds of London Institute, then part of Imperial College. At the time he hoped to
complete a doctorate in radio engineering and to pursue a career that would
combine his interest in radio with flying.
Hanbury Brown’s
involvement both with the new University
of London Air Squadron
and with cathode-ray tubes drew the interest of the Rector of Imperial College,
Henry Tizard. Tizard chaired a committee that had recently been set up by the
Air Ministry to find ways of protecting Britain from possible attack from
enemy aircraft. Through Tizard’s intervention Hanbury Brown came to be
recruited into an experimental project instigated by Robert Watson-Watt, to
develop a system of radio-location using pulse/echo technique for aircraft
detection. In August 1936 Hanbury Brown joined what would grow into the
Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) and helped develop Chain Home,
an air surveillance system of ground stations along the East and South Coasts
that proved vital in the 1940 Battle of Britain. From the autumn of 1937 he
worked in the airborne radar group under E. G. Bowen, which transferred to the USA in 1942 for
a joint British-American mission on air defence. Returning three years later
Hanbury Brown rejoined TRE, helping the Air Historical Branch of the Air
Ministry write an account of airborne radar and working on the application of
the pulsed navigational aid GEE to civil aviation. A research consultancy set
up by Watson-Watt in 1947 offered more interesting prospects for the conversion
of wartime developments into peacetime technologies. He allowed himself to be
recruited and worked as a consulting engineer until Watson-Watt decided to move
the firm to Canada.
After pondering a number of career possibilities, Hanbury Brown returned to
academia in the autumn of 1949, when he started as a PhD student in radio
astronomy at the University
of Manchester.
His impact at Jodrell Bank, where
Manchester’s
radio astronomy group was based, was instantaneous. The development for which
he achieved his greatest distinction lay in interferometry, indeed in showing
how the principle of the intensity interferometer could be applied to optical
interferometry. In 1956, he and the mathematician R.Q. Twiss showed on the
basis of a laboratory experiment that the time of arrival of photons at two
separate detectors was correlated (Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect). Physicists
struggled with the idea, photon correlation being inconceivable from a quantum
theoretical perspective; yet Hanbury Brown and Twiss proceeded to demonstrate
on the example of the star Sirius how the phenomenon could be used in an
interferometer to measure the apparent angular diameter of bright visual stars.
Their work earned them a Michelson Medal for opening up the subject of quantum
optics.
With the controversy over the
Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect in full swing, Hanbury Brown proposed a large
optical interferometer to measure the diameters of other main sequence stars.
The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research agreed to fund the initial
design costs and a large part of the eventual construction costs for an
instrument consisting of two reflectors, mounted on a circular railway track
188 metres in diameter. The instrument was manufactured in Britain and Italy,
but built in the Australian bush near Narrabri in New South Wales. The construction of the
Narrabri Stellar Intensity Interferometer (NSII) at a fairly remote site was a
heroic task, which kept Hanbury Brown full-time in Australia. In 1964, two years into
the mission, he resigned from the personal chair which the University of
Manchester had created for him in 1960, and accepted an appointment as
Professor of Physics (Astronomy) at the University of Sydney. Despite tempting
offers to go elsewhere after the NSII was decommissioned in 1974, he stayed on
to explore a next generation instrument.
This was not to be another intensity interferometer, but a modernised
Michelson interferometer, the Sydney University Stellar Interferometer
(SUSI). The SUSI became the project of
his colleague John Davis and it finally opened in 1991, ten years after Hanbury
Brown officially retired.
Hanbury Brown’s
commitments to science manifested beyond the instruments and institutions with
which he was most visibly affiliated. His involvements in such ventures of the
1970s as the Anglo-Australian-Telescope (AAT) or the Science Task Force both
illustrate in their way how he envisaged future science. For instance, he used
a job interview for the directorship of the new AAT to criticize centralist
tendencies in Australian science funding, pleading for greater equality of the
state universities vis-ą-vis the flagship of Australian academia, the Australian National University.
Likewise, as a member of the Science Task Force, a consultative committee of
the Royal Commission on Australian Government Administration, he expressed his
concerns over changes in the scientific ethos under government funding, which
had become the norm after World War II. The now classic report of the Task
Force, Towards Diversity and Adaptability (1975), was imbued with the ideal of
scientific autonomy.
Over the years Hanbury Brown
also developed his dimension as a public scientist in his writings and his
lectures. He became an interpreter of science who explained to non-expert
audiences his particular science, interferometry, as well as his views on the
scientific enterprise more broadly. His broadcasts and other public
performances bear this out, as do such monographs as his account of The
Intensity Interferometer (1974) or the more philosophical Man and the Stars
(1978) and The Wisdom of Science (1986). In his last publication, There are no
Dinosaurs in the Bible, which he had written for his grandchildren and which
appeared posthumously, Hanbury Brown returned to a theme that had occupied him
over a number of decades, the relations between science and religion. Another
subject close to his heart were his wartime experiences. His friendships from
the radar days lasted a lifetime, and he continued to explore the history of
radar with younger radar buffs, through reunions and celebratory occasions, and
in television programmes and sound recordings.
Hanbury Brown accumulated
many honours during his long career. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal
Society in 1960. In 1986, he was made a Companion of the Order of Australia. He
was also rumoured to have been the prototype prompting the expression
‘boffin’ (for a technological expert). He married Heather Hilda Chesterman in 1952.
They had one daughter and two sons (twins). He died on 16 January 2002.
Custodial history
The papers were received from
Dr Marion Hanbury Brown, daughter of Robert Hanbury Brown, in August 2003 and
August 2006. Deposited in the Library,
Royal Society, London
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
Although there is significant
material from Hanbury Brown’s education and early career, including
wartime service, the bulk dates from the 1960s to the late 1990s and there is
thus a pronounced emphasis on Hanbury Brown’s career following his
departure for Australia.
His war-time research, the transition to radio astronomy and the intense
collaborations in the Jodrell Bank group are more sketchily documented, as is
in fact his and John Davis’s quest for an instrument to succeed the NSII.
There is a wide range of
biographical material relating to Hanbury Brown’s life and career. It includes the contents of a boxfile of
biographical correspondence from the 1930s and 1940s documenting his education,
wartime service and immediate postwar career.
There are transcripts of interviews, proceedings of conferences to
honour his achievements, and drafts (with correspondence) of his Royal Society/Australian
Academy of Science Biographical Memoir and other tributes and obituaries. There
are also some family papers including letters to his wife Heather before and
after their marriage, certificates of education and of awards, and a run of
diaries 1936-1998. There is also photographic material.
There is documentation of
aspects of Hanbury Brown’s war work on radar from early experiments at
Martlesham airfield in Sussex
to memorabilia (including a poem on the ‘radar man’). Hanbury
Brown’s years with the Combined Research Group at the Naval Research
Laboratory in Washington DC are covered by memoranda and photostats
of research reports. Of particular interest is the material relating to the
claim on the part of the airborne radar team for an award for the design and
development of metre-wave airborne radar. This section further includes reunion
activities in the 1990s.
Jodrell Bank material is not
extensive. It includes an early letter
to J.A. Ratcliffe in which Hanbury Brown outlined a radio interferometer of
high resolution, pen-recorded inscriptions of signals from Cassiopeia and
Sirius, and a notebook with measurements on Sirius that provided practical
vindication of the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect.
There are memoranda and proposals on instruments, notably the steerable
radio telescope and the interferometer that was eventually built in
Narrabri. The development of this latter
instrument is further documented by a notebook containing detailed calculations
and tests of sample equipment for the future NSII. A number of photographs show various Jodrell
Bank individuals and apparatus. There is
more Australian material, essentially covering three astronomical instruments
and their genesis. Correspondence, notebooks, photographs and promotional
materials document the NSII. The story of the successor instrument, the SUSI,
is represented chiefly by photographs of an early model showing a Very Large
Stellar Intensity Interferometer, a subsequent proposal of a Michelson
interferometer, and discussions between Hanbury Brown and his long-time
collaborator John Davis. There is also correspondence re the AAT and the future of science and engineering in the University of Sydney.
Hanbury Brown’s
‘Research Files’ form a substantial component of the archive. They contain research materials, which
Hanbury Brown accumulated over many decades. These files testify to three foci
of enduring interest on his part, the story of radar, radio astronomy, and
reflections about science. The history
of radar is documented by original documents and pamphlets, correspondence with
both fellow radar pioneers and younger radar buffs, memoirs, and drafts of
equipment biographies. The radio astronomy group includes literature on various
types of interferometers and on quantum theory, correspondence and draft
publications on the behaviour of photons (these from the time of the
controversy over the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect), and a special section on
Hanbury Brown’s ‘dear friend Sirius’ (Letter to J.M. Bennett,
1 June 1994). A subgroup is dedicated to
historical topics in radio astronomy. Material on reflections about science
consists of Hanbury Brown’s notes on science-historical literature;
correspondence, notes and literature on science’s relations with
religion; and general articles.
There is extensive
documentation of Hanbury Brown’s publications and lectures, the largest
component of this collection. A
considerable variety of publications are represented including scientific
papers, books, reviews and newspaper articles, starting with Hanbury
Brown’s 1935 paper on the cathode-ray oscillograph. Hanbury Brown’s speaking engagements
are documented by drafts, outlines and index card notes over almost five
decades, and include his broadcasts. This material is qualitatively
heterogeneous, ranging from expert conference papers to light-hearted dinner
toasts. Sound recordings of some of these can be found with the non-textual
media in the archive.
There is documentation of
Hanbury Brown’s involvements with only a few societies and organisations. These include the Astronomical Society of
Australia, Institution of Electrical Engineers, National Centre for Basic
Sciences in Calcutta, India and Royal Society. Material includes copies of reports
(co-authored by Hanbury Brown) to the International Scientific Radio Union and
to the Royal Commission on Australian Government Administration.
There are several series of
correspondence, which together span six decades. There are three alphabetical
sequences, one dating from the 1940s to the early 1950s, the second consisting
of named correspondents, the third dating chiefly from the 1980s and 1990s
(with a few earlier letters). The first sequence includes family letters and
correspondence about the Sir Robert Watson-Watt & Partners consultancy.
Hanbury Brown’s named correspondents in the second sequence are
colleagues and friends from the days of radar and early radio astronomy, and
his colleague John Davis. The third sequence ranges over a multitude of
correspondents and topics. It reflects chiefly Hanbury Brown’s activities
after his return from Australia
in 1991.
Non-textual media spans
audiotapes, videotapes, visual material, and computer disks. The audiotapes
date from 1973 to 1999 and include recordings of Hanbury Brown’s wife
Heather. Videotapes are principally of Hanbury Brown’s contributions to
television documentaries and interviews on his wartime work. The visual material ranges over photographs,
graphs, transparencies and an extensive slide collection, which appears to have
served Hanbury Brown as a store on which to draw for his lecturing activities.
The computer disks reflect both Hanbury Brown’s changing word processing
equipment and his diverse activities, from his writings to his correspondence
with colleagues, friends, institutions, businesses and so forth.
Arrangement
By
section as follows: Biographical, Radar, Jodrell Bank, Australia, research
files, Publications, lectures and broadcasts, Societies and organisations,
Correspondence, Non-textual media. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: .
Language: English
Finding aids: Printed
Catalogue of: NCUACS catalogue no. 151/1/07, 160pp.. Copies available from
NCUACS, University
of Bath
ALLIED MATERIALS
In other repositories
A
substantial portion of Hanbury Brown’s personal archive was destroyed in
1961 owing to a misunderstanding (letter to J.P. Wild, 16 January 1974). Some material relating to his Jodrell Bank
period can be found in the papers of A.C.B. Lovell in the Jodrell Bank Archive
at the John Rylands University Library of the University of Manchester.
Hanbury Brown left many of the documents relating to his work in astronomy in Australia to the University of Sydney,
where he thought they belonged. These are in the University Archives of the University of Sydney and include correspondence
regarding the intensity interferometer at Narrabri, technical papers, funding
and general correspondence, 1957-1983. There is also correspondence on the AAT,
1967-1974, and an audio tape interview on his retirement in 1981. Further
material, notably 27 scrapbooks compiled by Hanbury Brown’s wife Heather,
are in the hands of the family. It is anticipated that they will be deposited
at the Royal Society to join this collection in due course.
Bryce, Alexander Graham, 1890-1968. Thoracic surgeon.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Library, Royal College
of Surgeons of England, London. Reference code: GB 0114 Add Mss 50
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Alexander Graham Bryce, 1890-1968, and the Society
of Thoraic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland
Dates
of creation of material: 1931-1959
Extent:
2 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bryce was born in Southport and educated at Manchester University Medical
School from which he
graduated in 1912. Apart from wartime service in the Royal Army Medical Corps,
1915-1919, he spent most of his professional career in the Manchester area, holding appointments at the
Manchester Memorial Jewish Hospital and the Manchester Royal Infirmary where he
was appointed to the honorary staff in 1934. Bryce was a founder member of the
Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland. He was
the Society's first Secretary and Treasurer until November 1946, when he was
elected Vice-President, a position he held for three years; he served as
President of the Society, 1949-1951. Bryce was also President of the Thoracic
Society and of the Manchester Surgical Society. He retired in 1955.
Custodial history
Received for catalgouing in 1985 from the Society of
Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland via the
Royal College of Surgeons. Placed in the Royal College
of Surgeons 1985.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers relate exclusively to Bryce's service for the
Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons. The material is principally
correspondence but includes minutes, agendas and circulars and a sequence of
printed membership booklets, 1934-1958. There are papers relating to the
foundation of the Society in 1933, including the replies to the original
invitations to join the Society (sent out by Bryce), to relations between the
Society and the American Association of Thoracic Surgeons, and to overseas
visits of the Society to Switzerland
in 1934 and to Berlin and Bruges in 1937. Later material reflects the
adjustments necessitated by the Second World War and the establishment of the
National Health Service.
Arrangement
The material is not sectionalised. See Scope and content
above.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Open to bona fide researchers by written appointment.
Finding
aid: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Alexander Graham Bryce
and the Society of Thoraic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland: CSAC Catalogue no. 109/6/85, 12 pp.
Copies available from NCUACS, University
of Bath
Link to catalogue ¯ (a2a)
ALLIED MATERIALS
In same repository
Add Mss 547: The London
Society of Thoracic Surgeons ('Charlies Club') 1952-1992
Add Mss 548: The Cardiothoracic Society ('Pete's Club')
Bullard, Sir Edward Crisp, 1907-1980. Knight. Geophysicist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge. Reference code: GB 0014 BLRD
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Sir Edward Crisp Bullard, 1907-1980
Dates
of creation of material: 1916-1984.
Extent:
117 boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Bullard was born in Norwich
and educated at Repton School and Clare
College, Cambridge where he read Natural Sciences,
1926-1929. His first graduate research was at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge working under the
direction of P.M.S. Blackett (q.v.) and in collaboration with H.S.W. Massey, on
electron scattering in gases. In 1931, partly because of the economic
depression, he accepted a post under G.P. Lenox-Conyngham in the Department of
Geodesy and Geophysics at Cambridge.
Here he worked on geophysical instrument design and development, gravity
determination in Britain and
Africa, explosion seismology including the first British expeditions to study
the Atlantic seafloor, and heat-flow in South Africa bore-holes. During the
Second World War he was seconded to the Admiralty, working on anti-mine
protection, operational research and intelligence. After the war he returned to
Cambridge but in 1947 he moved to the University of Toronto, Canada as
Professor of Physics and while there, but on a summer vacation visit to the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California he did some of his
most important work on the design of equipment for the measurement of heat-flow
at sea. In 1950 he returned to Britain
as Director of the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington where despite
administrative and official duties he continued to work on marine heat-flow,
building apparatus and taking part in sea-going expeditions, and also developed
his dynamo theory of terrestrial magnetism.
In 1956 Bullard returned to the Department of Geodesy and Geophysics, Cambridge as Assistant
Director of Research (Reader in Geophysics 1960, Professor 1964). His research
interests now included continental drift and plate tectonics as well as
continuing work in seismology and geomagnetism, and the development of computer
programs for processing large amounts of observational data. During this period
he was very active as consultant and adviser to Government Departments (notably
the Admiralty, Foreign Office, Ministries of Defence, Science and Supply), to
professional and learned societies such as the Institute of Physics, Royal
Society and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, and to
industrial firms principally Shell and IBM UK. He was also a founder member of
the Natural Environment Research Council. On retirement from Cambridge in 1974 Bullard moved to the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography where he continued his research and took
part in expeditions and teaching and lecturing programmes. He added a last
research topic to his interests - energy sources and nuclear waste disposal -
in his capacity as consultant to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the
California Institute of Technology.
Bullard was elected FRS in 1941 (Bakerian Lecture 1967, Hughes Medal 1953,
Royal Medal 1975) and was knighted in 1953.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1981-1984 from Dr Belinda
Bullard, daughter. Placed in Churchill Archives Centre 1984.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The surviving papers cover almost every aspect of Bullard's
career. The chief lacunae are his wartime papers which he destroyed in 1945 and
his official papers at Toronto
and the National Physical Laboratory. There are biographical and personal
material, diaries, personal and family correspondence and photographs, records
of the Cambridge Department of Geodesy and Geophysics including the original
correspondence leading up to its foundation in 1921, and documentation of his
connection with the University
of California, chiefly
the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The largest body of material relates
to Bullard's many research interests from early work on gravity to the last
uncompleted book on energy sources and nuclear waste disposal, and includes
full documentation for his work on dynamo theory and on computing applications.
There is much material on Bullard's service on committees and as consultant,
and relating to learned societies and professional organisations, to
publications, lectures and broadcasts, and to visits and conferences. Bullard's
surviving scientific correspondence is somewhat disappointing and contains a
high proportion of material dating from his later years.
Arrangement
By section as follows: Biographical and personal, Cambridge,
California, Research, Committees and consultancies, Societies and
organisations, Publications, lectures and broadcasts, Visits, Correspondence.
Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Readers intending to use the Archives Centre must write in advance to the
Keeper of the Archives giving details of their research subject and listing the
collections they will wish to consult. New readers should also provide a letter
of introduction and some form of identification (such as a passport or driving
licence).
Open except A.135-A.137 (to 2034), A.146-A.149 (to 2014). Closed on grounds
of personal sensitivity.
Finding
aid: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Sir Edward Crisp
Bullard: CSAC catalogue no. 100/4/84, 373 pp. Copies available from
NCUACS, University
of Bath
Link to catalogue ¯ (a2a)
ALLIED MATERIALS
In other repositories
Certificates and scrolls of honour remain in family hands.
Material relating to the Anchor Brewery (the Bullard family firm) is held at
the Norfolk Record Office, Norwich.
Material assembled by Bullard for his memorial writings on W.M. Ewing is at Columbia University, New
York.
Correspondence exchanged with W.H. Munk and others, and a little other
material, is in the Archives of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego.
Official papers relating to Bullard's service on government committees are
held at the Air Historical Branch, Ministry of Defence, London.
5
Burch, Cecil Reginald, 1901-1983. Physicist and
engineer.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Bristol University Library. Reference code: GB
0003 DM1138
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Cecil Reginald Burch, 1901-1983.
Dates
of creation of material: ca 1852-1983.
Extent:
17 archive boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Burch was born in Oxford and
educated at the Dragon School, Oxford,
1907-1914, and Oundle School, 1914-1919. He then entered Gonville and Caius College,
Cambridge (with
his elder brother Francis) to read for the Natural Sciences Tripos, 1919-1922.
On graduating Burch and his brother joined the Research Department of the
Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company, Trafford Park, Manchester where he
spent eleven years until, after the distressing death of his brother in 1933,
he felt compelled to leave Metropolitan-Vickers. He moved to the Physics
Department, Imperial College, London, as a Leverhulme Fellow in Optics,
1933-1935 and then Bristol University where he spent the rest of his life,
first as a Research Associate, then as a Fellow of the H.H. Wills Physics
Laboratory and from 1948 to 1966 as Royal Society Warren Research Fellow. He
continued to do research in the laboratory to within the last few weeks of his
life.
Burch made important research contributions in industry and university to a
number of very different fields. His main activities lay in the industrial
development of induction heating applied to electric furnaces; in the
evaporative distillation of organic substances, leading to a range of low
vapour pressure oils and greases, and its application to the pharmaceutical
industry; and in the construction of vacuum pumps and of thermionic power
valves. In university research he worked principally in optics, especially in
the figuring of aspheric surfaces to extremely high degrees of accuracy,
leading to the production of reflecting microscopes of wide aperture, and then,
while continuing to make valuable contributions to this subject, he gave his
primary attention to mineral dressing, inventing new classifiers and
separators. He was elected FRS in 1944 (Rumford Medal 1954).
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1985 via the Physics Department,
Bristol University, from T.E. Allibone who had
assembled the papers while preparing the memoir of Burch for the Royal
Society. Placed in Bristol
University Library 1986.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The papers contain biographical and personal material,
notably records of other members of Burch's family including his father, George
James Burch, Professor of Physics at Reading
University, 1882-1909,
and his brother, Francis Parry Burch who worked with him at
Metropolitan-Vickers. There is substantial research material relating to his
university-based work in optics and mineral dressing and his late medical
interests, especially vitamin B-group therapy and inositol. Almost all the
surviving material from the Metropolitan-Vickers period relates to the work of
Francis Parry Burch. There are conference talks and invitation lectures,
1932-1981 and some publications material. The surviving correspondence is not
extensive though there is one relatively substantial sequence of letters on
aspects of mineral dressing and mining.
Arrangement
By section as follows: Biographical, Research, Lectures and
talks, Publications, Correspondence, Bibliography. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: No known closure
or restrictions. Visits by appointment. Some form of identification
required.
Finding aid: Printed
Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Cecil Reginald Burch: CSAC
catalogue no. 110/1/86, 73 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath
ALLIED MATERIALS
In same repository
DM1196 (added to DM1138). 'Uncle Bill'. By Peter Beaumont
Morice, 1985.
References to Burch in DM365 (Tyndall papers: Department of Physics) and
DM1462 (Honoary Degree oration for Burch, 1966)
In other repositories
The prototype Ultra-Violet Reflecting Microscope, made by
Burch c.1946 for use with short wavelength ultra-violet radiation and used by
R. Barer in the Department of Anatomy, Oxford
University, is in the Museum of the
History of Science, Oxford.
The grinding and polishing machinery used in the manufacture of the
aspherical mirror for the microscope is in the Science
Museum, London.
The tape-recording of Burch's lecture 'MetroVick Memories' is held at the
Royal Society, London.
Additional biographical material relating to George James Burch, including
letters of condolence to Mrs Burch, is in the Museum of the History of Science,
Oxford.
5
Burhop, Eric Henry Stoneley, 1911-1980. Physicist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Library, University College London.
Reference code: GB 0103
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Eric Henry Stoneley Burhop, 1911-1980
Dates
of creation of material: 1948-1980
Extent:
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Burhop was born on 31 January 1911 in Hobart, Tasmania,
the son of Salvation Army officers. He was educated at Ballarat and Melbourne High Schools
and in 1928 entered Melbourne
University where he
specialised in physics. In 1933 an Exhibition of 1851 Overseas Scholarship took
him to the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge where
he carried out experimental research in nuclear physics with Rutherford,
subsequently returning to Melbourne
as Research Physicist and Lecturer. During the Second World War he joined the
British team working on the atomic bomb project in the USA; he worked
on isotope separation in the group led by H.S.W. Massey. After the war Burhop
spent the rest of his career at University College London, first in the
Mathematics Department, transferring to Physics in 1950. In 1960 he became
Professor of Physics by conferment of title. He researched widely in atomic and
nuclear physics including the Auger effect and electronic and ionic impact
phenomena. He was a founder member of the European K meson collaboration and
played a leading role in the UCL Bubble Chamber group.
Burhop was strongly committed to the political left and sought rapprochement
between the Soviet bloc and the West during the Cold War. He was actively
involved in the work of the World Federation of Scientific Workers, of which he
was President for many years. Burhop played an important role with Bertrand
Russell, C.F. Powell and J. Rotblat in the organisation of the first Pugwash
Conference on Science and World Affairs which met in July 1957 at Pugwash, Nova
Scotia. The conference brought together senior
scientists from East and West to discuss the dangers of nuclear war, and
provided the model for a series of similarly organised Pugwash conferences on
this and related topics. In consequence of these activities Burhop was awarded
the Joliot-Curie Medal of the World Peace Council in 1966 and the Lenin International
Peace Prize in 1972.
Burhop was elected FRS in 1965. He died in 1980.
See Sir Harrie Massey & D.H. Davies, 'Eric Henry Stoneley Burhop', Biographical
Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol 27 (1981), 131-152.
Custodial history:
Received for cataloguing in March 1993 from Dr Brenda
Swann. Placed in University
College 1993
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
This small collection contains biographical material
relating to Burhop's interest in furthering rapprochement between East and
West, and documentation of the first Pugwash Conference. There are no records
of his scientific research or scientific correspondence. The biographical
material principally relates to the 'passport case' when the Foreign Office
withdrew Burhop's passport on the eve of a visit to the Soviet Union in 1951
and the award of the Lenin Peace Prize. There is also a little correspondence
in 1957 on the possible nomination of Bertrand Russell for the World Peace
Council's International Peace Prize. The Pugwash material includes
documentation of the role of the World Federation of Scientific Workers in the
organisation of the first conference, and manuscript notes of the proceedings
of the first conference.
Arrangement
By section as follows: Biographical, Pugwash Conferences on
Science and World Affairs. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Contact the repository for details.
Finding
aid: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Eric Henry Stoneley
Burhop: NCUACS catalogue no. 40/2/93, 15pp. Copies available from NCUACS,
University of Bath
Link to catalogue
¯ (a2a)
5
Burn, Joshua Harold, 1892-1981. Pharmacologist.
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Library for the History of Neuroscience, Sherrington Room, University
Laboratory of Physiology, Parks
Road, Oxford.
Reference code: GB 0483 BURN
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Joshua Harold Burn, 1892-1981.
Dates
of creation of material: 1932-1984.
Extent: 1 box
CONTEXT
Biographical history
Burn was born in Barnard Castle, Co. Durham
and educated at Barnard Castle School, 1903-1909, and Emmanuel
College, Cambridge where he read for the Natural
Sciences Tripos, 1909-1912, specialising in physiology for Part II. He began
research at Cambridge with J. Barcroft and F.G.
Hopkins, before moving in January 1914 to the Wellcome Physiological Research
Laboratories, London,
at the invitation of H.H. Dale. He joined the army in October 1914 and served
in the Signals Corps in France
until 1917 when he returned to England
to complete his medical studies at Guy's Hospital, London
and Cambridge University.
He undertook research at the Department of Pharmacology, National Institute
for Medical Research, London, at the invitation
of H.H. Dale, 1920-1925, and became Director of the Pharmacological
Laboratories at the Pharmacological Society of Great Britain, London, 1926-1937. Burn was subsequently
Professor of Pharmacology, Oxford University, 1937-1959, and Visiting Professor
in Pharmacology, Washington
University, St Louis,
1959-1968. He was a founder member of the British Pharmacological Society
in 1931. His principal research interests were in the autonomic nervous
system.
He was elected FRS in 1942.
Custodial history
Received for cataloguing in 1984 from Professor Edith
Bülbring. Placed in Library for the History of Neuroscience 1985.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
This small group of papers consists of material assembled by
Professor Edith Bülbring for her Royal Society memoir of Burn and includes
biographical recollections by Burn, colleagues and friends, some originals,
some photocopies from various sources. Many of the documents bear her
annotations or editorial indications for use in the memoir. The correspondence,
though very scanty, is of interest, for its scientific content.
Arrangement:
By section as follows: Obituaries and tributes,
Autobiographical and biographical, Correspondence.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access:
Access on enquiry to the Librarian and only between the hours of 8am-4pm.
Finding
aid: Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Joshua Harold Burn:
CSAC catalogue no. 107/4/85, 8 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath
Link to catalogue ¯ (a2a)
5
Butterfield, William John Hughes, Baron Butterfield of Stechford, 1920-2000, medical researcher and
administrator
IDENTITY STATEMENT
Repository:
Cambridge University Library. Reference code: GB
0012 W.J.H. Butterfield
Title:
Papers and correspondence of Butterfield,
William John Hughes, Baron
Butterfield of Stechford,
1920-2000, medical researcher and administrator
Dates
of creation of material: 1945-2000
Extent:
ca 5,500 items. boxes
CONTEXT
Biographical history
(William) John (Hughes)
Butterfield was born on 28 March 1920 at Stechford in the West
Midlands. He was educated
at Solihull School,
Warwickshire, Exeter College Oxford and Johns
Hopkins University,
Baltimore (MD
1944, conferred 1951). After returning
to Britain
in 1944 he did his junior appointments in pathology, medicine and surgery, was
on the staff of the Medical Research Council from 1946 at the Clinical Research
Unit at Guy’s Hospital under R.T. Grant, and did his national service,
serving with the Royal Army Medical Corps, 1947-1949. Butterfield worked on burns, specifically on
attempts to estimate the effects of nuclear explosions, continuing his work as
a research fellow at the Virginia Medical College,
Richmond,
1950-1952. In 1952 and 1956 he witnessed
the British nuclear tests in the Monte Bello islands off the north-west coast
of Australia. While working on burns, unexpected
observations of the effect of the poison gas antidote British anti-lewisite on
blood glucose levels initiated his lifelong interest in diabetes.
Butterfield returned to
mainstream medical research at the Clinical Research Unit at Guy’s
Hospital. In 1958 he was appointed
professor in the newly established Department of Experimental Medicine at
Guy’s. For the next twelve years
he led a highly successful diabetes research team. He pioneered automated chemistry to measure
blood sugar and in 1962 with his Guy’s team Butterfield conducted a
large-scale epidemiological study in Bedford
which revealed many people with undiagnosed diabetes, decisively influenced the
prevailing views of diabetes and led to internationally-accepted diagnostic
standards for the disease. Alongside his
research programme, he maintained a first-class clinical diabetes unit, general
medical service and bedside clinical teaching programme. During his time at Guy’s Butterfield
developed interests in community medicine and medical planning (general
practice), for example in respect of the creation of the Thamesmead new town.
In 1971 he was appointed
Vice-Chancellor of Nottingham University, a difficult time because of
widespread student unrest. Nottingham already had a medical school for pre-clinical
students, and Butterfield set out during his Vice-Chancellorship to create a
clinical school for fourth and fifth year students. He took on an increasing number of public
responsibilities including the chairmanship of the Council for the Education and
Training of Health Visitors, 1971-1976, and chairmanship of the East Midlands
Economic Council, 1974-1976. Butterfield
maintained his contacts with Guy’s as Consultant Professor Emeritus and
from 1974 as a member of the Council of Governors (later Chairman of the
Council of Governors of the United Medical Schools of Guy’s and St Thomas’s).
During Butterfield’s
period at Nottingham he was much involved with planning the extended clinical
school at Cambridge and he moved to Cambridge to lead the new School of Clinical Medicine
as Regius Professor of Physic, 1976-1987.
Here he presided over an impressive range of new developments and
appointments, despite a less favourable financial situation than originally
envisaged, and continued his clinical and research interests. He was Master of Downing College, 1978-1987
and served the wider university community as Vice-Chancellor, 1983-1985. As a student at Oxford,
1940-1942, he was a triple blue, playing against Cambridge at rugby, hockey and cricket -
captaining the Dark Blues in the latter two sports. In Cambridge
he was an active supporter of student sport as patron, chairman and president
of sports clubs and in offering his advice and experience to appeals for better
facilities. He also supported the
development of sports medicine in Cambridge
in the form of a clinic to treat sports injuries at Addenbrooke’s
Hospital.
His public responsibilities
continued to grow in number including Chairman of the Medicines Commission,
1976-1982, member of the Medical Research Council, 1976-1980, and Chairman of
the Health Promotion Research Trust, 1983-1993, a controversial appointment
because of its tobacco industry funding.
Indeed, throughout his career and well past formal retirement age,
Butterfield gave an enormous variety of service to professional bodies, medical
and educational charities, the pharmaceutical industry, government advisory
boards and the scientific advisory committees of research institutes, often as
a highly regarded chairman. His last major
project was raising money to establish the College of Teachers,
in an attempt to improve the public standing of the profession.
Butterfield’s
distinguished career was recognised by many academic, professional and public
honours including visiting professorships, invitations to deliver named
lectures and honorary degrees. He was
awarded an OBE in 1953 and knighted in 1978.
In 1988 Butterfield was made a life peer and he took an active role in
the House of Lords in such areas of policy as higher education, medical
research and the National Health Service.
Butterfield married Ann
Sanders in 1946 but she died while giving birth to their son. In 1950 he married Isabel-Ann Foster Kennedy,
the daughter of an eminent New York
neurologist, and they had two sons and a daughter. He died on 26 July 2000.
Custodial history
The papers were received from
Lady Butterfield in 2004 and 2005.
CONTENT HISTORY
Scope and content summary
The collection is substantial
and covers the period 1945-2000, though the bulk dates from Butterfield’s
years as Cambridge Regius Professor of Physic, 1976-1987, and his very active
years of ‘retirement’ to 2000.
Biographical material
consists principally of long sequences of diaries, message books and personal
notebooks. There is sequence of diaries
in a variety of smaller formats 1951, 1960 - 1993-1994 used by Butterfield for
a personal record of engagements. From
1975-1976 Butterfield used Cambridge
University pocket
diaries. There is a series of large
format office diaries for engagements kept by secretaries, 1962-2000, and also
a series of message books kept by secretaries, 1976-2000. Although what is recorded in these books
varies over time, their contents may include records of telephone and other
messages for Butterfield and records of telephone calls made by secretaries on
his behalf. An important series of
personal notebooks was initiated by Butterfield in 1968 to record ideas
including research ideas, plans, personal diary and reflections, and drafts. Drafts include letters and talks, addresses
and lectures and there are also many notes of meetings attended and visits
made. These notebooks are particularly
important for Butterfield’s last years at Guy’s Hospital and his
Vice-Chancellorship of the University
of Nottingham, which are
not well documented elsewhere in the archive.
Butterfield continued to use these notebooks for the rest of his life,
the last one covering the period 1998-2000.
In addition to these series
of diaries and notebooks, biographical material includes obituaries, curricula vitae
and entries for biographical directories, papers relating to the Old
Silhillians Association (for Old Boys of Solihull School) and a selection of
menu cards, often signed, and related material, for social occasions in
Cambridge and elsewhere in the 1980s and 1990s.
The record of
Butterfield’s years at Guy’s Hospital London is not extensive but
is diverse in topic and character. It
includes a number of items relating to Butterfield’s diabetes research
including two notebooks, 1954-1956, while he was working at the MRC Clinical
Research Unit at the Hospital. There is
scant documentation of his Professorship of Experimental Medicine at
Guy’s, though there is a little material reflecting his interest in the
running of one of the hospital wards and in computer requirements at the
hospital. There is, however,
correspondence relating to his position as Consultant Professor Emeritus, which
he held after his departure for the Vice-Chancellorship at the University of Nottingham
in 1971, and correspondence and papers relating to the Council of Governors, of
which Butterfield was a member from 1974.
Presented in the alphabetical series of societies and organisations
material (see below) are records of the Thamesmead new town project in which
Butterfield and Guy’s were very much involved, the University of Essex /
Guy’s General Practice Computer Unit, and also the Council of Governors
of the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy’s and St Thomas’s
Hospitals. Thamesmead and the Essex /
Guy’s General Practice Computer Unit are also documented in the archive
of the University
of Essex computer
scientist, Keith F. Bowden, deposited in Essex University Library (CSAC
105/2/85).
There is extensive
documentation of Butterfield’s period as Regius Professor of Physic, University
of Cambridge, 1976-1987, especially important for the development of the School of Clinical Medicine. Much of the Clinical School
material is organised by department including old established departments such
as Medicine (I.H. Mills) and Surgery (R.Y. Calne), including support for
transplantation studies, and new developments and appointments including
Clinical Biochemistry (C.N. Hales), Clinical Pharmacology (M.J. Brown),
Community Medicine (R.M. Acheson), Haematological Medicine (F.G.J. Hayhoe),
Paediatrics (J.A. Davis), Psychiatry (M. Roth) and Radiology (T.
Sherwood). Other Clinical School
papers are organised under such headings as: Clinical Dean, Committees,
Examining, Funding, Special Projects and Teaching. Special projects include a curriculum
monitoring and evaluation project in the new Clinical School
(R.E. Wakeford) funded by the Nuffield Foundation. There is documentation of Butterfield’s
relations with other University departments such as Anatomy, Engineering
(proposed postgraduate degree in biomedical engineering and research projects
with medical applications), History and Philosophy of Science, and Pathology;
with Hughes Hall where the Health Education Studies Unit was based; and with
the MRC Dunn Nutrition Unit. There is
extensive material relating to the key role of the Regius in relation to the
NHS Regional and Area Health Authorities including hospital developments in
Huntingdon and Peterborough and the Regional
Cardiac Unit at Papworth
Hospital. Butterfield’s Mastership of Downing
College, 1978-1987, and Vice-Chancellorship, 1983-1985, are principally
represented by files of ‘personal’ correspondence. Butterfield’s support for sport in Cambridge is well
represented including the great number of sports clubs of which he was chairman,
president or patron, and campaigns for improved sports facilities. Of particular interest are the records of his
support for the development of sports medicine in Cambridge, especially the early years of the
clinic established at Addenbrooke’s Hospital in 1978 to treat sports
injuries and the 1995 Appeal to support its expansion.
There is a substantial record
of Butterfield’s lectures, visits and conferences covering the period
1963-1999. The material is presented in three
main sequences: a sequence of ‘lectures, conferences and symposia’
material, 1963-1972 and separate sequences of lectures material, 1970-1999, and
visits and conferences material, 1964-1993.
A little material relating to Butterfield’s contributions to radio
and television programmes, 1967-1973, is also presented here for
convenience. The material may include
drafts of Butterfield’s conference papers, speeches and addresses,
typescripts of the contributions of others, correspondence about arrangements
and arising from meetings, programmes and lists of participants.
Publications material
includes drafts, editorial and advisory correspondence and a box of
Butterfield’s offprints with a list of offprints and a supplementary list
of ‘undated papers’. The
drafts cover an extended period of over forty years to 1994 but are
unrepresentative of Butterfield’s publication record, especially in
diabetes research. There is, however,
significant material relating to Butterfield’s early work on flash burns
from atomic bombs. There are also
undated drafts of work with L.P. Krall for a proposed publication or
publications on ‘Living with Diabetes’. The editorial correspondence covers a
relatively short period, 1970-1985, and chiefly documents Butterfield’s
relations with the publisher John Wiley & Sons, especially in respect of
the International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology (IDMB), for
which Butterfield was a member of the Advisory Board.
Societies and organisations
material forms by far the largest component of the archive. It documents, often very extensively, some
124 professional bodies, medical and educational charities, government advisory
boards, industry organisations, research institutes and the like, to which
Butterfield gave service over a period of almost fifty years including the last
year of his life. Only a small number of
these bodies can be highlighted here.
Professional bodies include the College
of Teachers, medical Royal Colleges
and the British Medical Association.
Medical charities include Age Research / British Foundation for Age
Research, British Diabetic Association, British Heart Foundation, Help the
Aged, Save the Children (in respect of its Stop Polio Campaign) and
Tommy’s Campaign (for research into the causation and prevention of poor
fetal growth, prematurity and stillbirth).
He was associated with a large number of pharmaceutical companies during
his career, for example Beecham Group plc, Boots Company plc, Hoechst UK Ltd,
Miles Laboratories Ltd, Upjohn Ltd, Warner Lambert Company and the Wellcome
Foundation Ltd and more generally British Insulin Manufacturers and the
Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry and its Animals in Medicine
Information Centre. Government
appointments included the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy, the
Council for the Education and Training of Health Visitors, the East Midlands
Economic Planning Council, the Health Promotion Research Trust, and the
Medicines Commission. Research
Institutes include the Cambridge
branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (K. Sikora) and the William
Harvey Research Institute (J.R. Vane). A
number of topic folders were found in the alphabetical sequences of societies
and organisations and have been retained with societies. These include ‘Action Learning’
which reflects Butterfield’s interest in the work of R.W. Revans, and
‘Aptitudes’, which reflects his interest in surveying the skills
and aptitudes of school leavers.
Additionally Butterfield was a member of a number of dining and other
clubs and had a particularly long and well-documented association with the
Medical Pilgrims.
House of Lords documentation
records Butterfield’s engagements with the business of the House
including his maiden speech, 25 January 1989 on the second reading of the
Junior Hospital Doctors (Regulation of Hours) Bill, and the work of Select
Committees such as Science and Technology and the European Communities. Apart from his maiden speech there are also
drafts for a number of speeches in the House on topics such as NHS reform,
education (student loans), health issues in the European Community and the
teaching profession. Butterfield’s
correspondents include fellow peers, government ministers, civil servants and
individuals and organisations interested in the business before the House.
Butterfield’s
correspondence files form a substantial record of his activities covering an
extended period 1945-2000, though the great bulk dates from Butterfield’s
period as Regius at Cambridge
and the years of his formal retirement.
Much of Butterfield’s correspondence was kept in various
alphabetical sequences of ‘miscellaneous’ correspondence for
particular chronological periods.
‘Miscellaneous’ correspondence for Butterfield’s last
years at Guy’s and his period as Nottingham Vice-Chancellor survives for
only a handful of letters of the alphabet ‘A’, ‘E’,
‘R’ and ‘W’.
Three further organised sequences cover very approximately the period
from his arrival in Cambridge
to his becoming Vice-Chancellor in 1983, the first half of his
Vice-Chancellorship, 1983-1984, and the years from his retirement as Regius to
2000. The end of his
Vice-Chancellorship, 1985, and his last years as Regius, 1986-1987, seem less
well covered. However, these
miscellaneous correspondence sequences are supplemented by carbons of outgoing
correspondence, 1981, 1986-1987, ‘personal’ correspondence,
1978-1986, and correspondence arranged by topic, for example
‘Education’ and ‘National Health Service’,
1976-1999. Additionally there is a
significant record of his relations with patients, and references and
recommendations material. It should be
noted that there is also important and extensive correspondence throughout the
archive, notably University
of Cambridge and
Societies and organisations.
Arrangement
By section as follows:
Biographical, Guy’s Hospital London, University of Cambridge, Lectures,
visits and conferences, Publications, Societies and organisations, House of
Lords, Correspondence. Index of correspondents.
CONDITIONS OF ACCESS & USE
Access: Access to
holders of full Reader's Tickets from Cambridge University
Library.
Finding aid: Printed
catalogue of the papers and correspondence of: NCUACS catalogue no. 157/7/07,
470pp. Copies
available from NCUACS, University
of Bath.
5
Last updated 30 April 2008. T.E.Powell@bath.ac.uk