The study by an international team of researchers, including Daniel Falush from the University's Milner Centre for Evolution is published February 23, 2017 in PLOS Genetics.

Melting pot of microbe diversity

The Americas have been a melting pot, not only for diverse humans for the past 500 years, but also for strains of the microbe Helicobacter pylori carried along in the humans’ stomachs. The bacterium persists for decades and commonly spreads from parent to child, but can also colonise new hosts and exchange DNA with local strains.

Scientists analyzed 401 H. pylori genome sequences from strains collected in North, Central and South America. They found that European and African strains mixed together across the Americas, with little input from local strains, suggesting that the bacterial populations evolved quickly and spread rapidly to people of different ethnicities. Further analysis finds that the ability of a strain to adapt to a different ethnic group relies on a handful of human immune system genes.

Link with ulcers and cancer

This study of H. pylori populations in the Americas sheds new light on the relationship between human migration and bacterial diversity, but also has implications for human health. H. pylori is a major health issue in Latin America where it contributes to ulcers and high rates of stomach cancer.

Previous studies have identified a link between cancer risk and a mismatch between the ethnicity of the patient and the origin of the bacterial strain. The current findings may be useful for future explorations of the connection between individual bacterial strains and their associated risk of causing stomach cancer in different human populations.

Coauthor Daniel Falush from the University’s Milner Centre for Evolution said: “Helicobacter pylori has often been described as a pathogen which is mostly passed from parent to child. Our study shows that in the Americas its evolution has been much more dynamic.

"Native American strains have been largely outcompeted. Bacteria of African origin seem to have done particularly well, hybridising with strains of European origin and forming distinct new sub-populations, adapted to local conditions, in North, Central and South America.”

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