Despite the public debate about trust in politics, a new economics study reveals that candidates who say one thing on the campaign trail and do another when in office may have a greater chance of getting elected.
Drawing on findings from a lab-based election experiment which involved 308 people, research from economists highlights how even though voters indicate trust and legitimacy are important factors in deciding on how to cast their votes, candidates who progress in politics are often those most prepared to renege on their electoral promises.
The researchers from the University of Konstanz (Germany) and University of Bath (UK) designed a game-theory experiment to test the importance of trustworthiness and to see how individuals react when faced with various different election scenarios.
Their two-stage election process first involved individuals vying against each other to win their party’s candidacy (similar to the US primaries, UK party leaders’ election, or even the selection process within parties for deciding constituency candidates for MPs). They asked ‘candidates’ in the experiment how much they would invest (on a scale of 100) as a measure of how eager they were to gain selection in terms of money, time or effort they would put in to get through the selection phase. Those who invested the most had the highest probability of getting through to round two.
If selected to stand for office, candidates next had to choose how much money they would promise to voters in an election, attempting to win over an undecided public. This could reflect campaign promises on tax and spending, for example. Finally, if elected, winning ‘candidates’ had to decide how to make decisions outside the election race, choosing how much they would transfer to voters or whether to renege on promises.
Their findings highlight that those most likely to make it through the selection process because of their high investments in the first stage were also those who reneged on their promises most when elected into office. In other words, those who had been most eager to be selected were also those most likely to deviate from what they had promised.
Dr Maik Schneider from the University of Bath’s Department of Economics explains: “Our study highlights why it may not be too surprising to find candidates on the campaign trail who lie. This should concern us all given the low levels of trust in politics. “There is a clear paradox here in terms of an electorate which says what’s missing in politics is greater trust, yet results that indicate that candidates who lie more, somehow, still have a higher chance of gaining office.
“From a game theory perspective the reason why this is the case is clear, but these results should serve as a reminder about the importance of challenging untruths among candidates and, more broadly, increasing and improving transparency in the system.” The researchers stress that it is also the case that honest individuals invest time and resources to making it into office, however from these results they were unable to progress in the same number as their more dishonest rivals.
They suggest to improve trust, more robust fact-checking, transparency around campaign finances and public scrutiny of campaign promises would help. In the study, when the first stage of the election process was transparent, they found the correlation between ‘lie size’ when in office and how eager a candidate had been to be selected disappeared. They also argue that schemes to reduce the incentive for dishonesty could include new mechanisms to make campaign promises binding.
The research from Dr Schneider and colleagues, ‘Honesty and Self-Selection into Cheap Talk’ has just been accepted for publication in the Economic Journal. It builds on earlier work from the same team titled ‘Honesty and Self-Selection into Politics’, both available via maik-t-schneider.net/research and http://ftp.iza.org/dp10258.pdf.